Transgenic rice expressing a methionine-rich protein

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Abstract

.................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Sulfur in seed proteins regulation and engineering 1.1 General introduction ............................................................................................. 3 1.2 Plant storage proteins ........................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 General characteristics of storage proteins ........................................... 4 1.2.1.1 Albumins ................................................................................ 5 1.2.1.2 Globulins ................................................................................ 5 1.2.1.3 Prolamins ................................................................................ 6 1.2.1.4 Glutelins ................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Storage protein gene expression ............................................................ 8 1.2.2.1 Transcriptional regulation of storage protein gene . 10 expression .......................................................................................... . 1.2.2.2 Post-transcriptional regulation of storage protein gene . 11 expression .......................................................................................... . 1.2.3 Storage protein synthesis ....................................................................... 12 1.2.4 Storage protein sorting and deposition .................................................. 13 1.2.4.1 Storage protein sorting and deposition in legumes ................ 13 1.2.4.2 Storage protein sorting and deposition in cereals .................. 14 1.3 Sulfur metabolism in plants ................................................................................. 18 1.3 .1 Sulfur uptake and transport ................................................................... 21 1.3 .2 Sulfur assimilation ................................................................................ 22 1.3.2.1 Reduction of sulfate to sulfide ............................................... 23 1.3.2.2 Cysteine synthesis .................................................................. 24 1.3.2.3 Methionine synthesis .............................................................. 25 1.3.2.3 Glutathione synthesis ............................................................. 26 1.3.3 Transport of sulfur to developing seeds ................................................ 28 1.4 Sulfur deficiency and effects on seed protein composition ................................. 29 1.4.1 Responses to sulfur deficiency .............................................................. 29 1.4.2 Signals of sulfur deficiency .................................................................. .32 1.4.3 The effect of sulfur supply on seed protein composition ...................... 34 1.5 Genetic manipulation of seed sulfur amino acid composition ............................. 3 7 1.5.1 Increasing seed sinks for sulfur ............................................................. 40 1.5.2 Synthetic genes ...................................................................................... 42 1.5.3 Over-expression of sulfur-rich storage proteins .................................... 43 1.5.3.1 The Brazil nut albumin (BNA) protein .................................. 44 1.5.3.2 The sunflower seed albumin (SSA) protein ........................... 46 1.6 Aims of this study ................................................................................................ 46 1.6.1 Assessment of rice as a production system for protein methionine ...... 46 1. 6.2 Investigation of the responses of seeds to sulfur deficiency ................. 4 7