Lead-free piezoelectric materials

Abstract

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF TABLES vii Chapter 1. Literature Review 1 1.1 Piezoelectricity 1 1.1.1 Pyroelec.ricity 4 1.1.2 Ferroelectricity 7 1.1.3 Other important piezoelectric parameters 7 1.2 Lead-based piezoelectric materials 9 1.2.1 Lead titanate (PbTiO3) 9 1.2.2 Lead zirconate titanate ( Pb(Zr, Ti)O3) 10 1.2.3 Other lead-based materials 12 1.2.4 Environmental issues 12 1.3 Lead-free piezoelectric materials 12 1.3.1 Bismuth based layered perovskite structures 13 1.3.2 Potassium sodium niobates 15 1.3.3 Barium titanates 16 1.3.4 Other lead-free piezoelectric materials 22 1.4 Low-dimensional piezoelectric properties measurements 23 1.5 Research motivation 25