Nanobubbles on Electron Transparent Electrodes

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Abstract

The experimental observation of inhomogeneous nanobubble formation is challenging, and consequently the onset and growth of nanobubbles has yet to be fully localized or observed directly. Conventional methods, such as optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), have been used to image small bubbles [1, 2]. However, optical images have limited spatial resolution due to the wavelength of visible light, and AFM is an invasive technique which gives data that can be difficult to interpret. Here we report using an electrical bias applied to graphene electrodes to form nanobubbles in situ for observation with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) .