Renewable Energy Sources
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Abstract
A renewable resource is a natural reserve which will restock to replace the bit exhausted by usage and utilization, either through natural duplicate or other confirmed processes in a finite quantity of time in a human time scale. Some examples of renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy and biomass energy. These types of energy sources are different from fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy from renewable sources. As of 2019, India's total electricity generation mix is 35% from renewable energy, 55% from coal, 2% from nuclear power, and the remaining 8% from small hydro and other sources. Key words-Renewable resource, solar energy, Biomass and fossil fuels. Energy is the spinal feature for every country. Status of any country with respect to development criteria is directly proportional to energy production capacity of the country. Energy is being produced since the birth of civilization. Means of energy production got changed with the time span. Due to limited availability of conventional sources of energy and their adverse effects on climate, energy production by non conventional sources is getting quiet attention. India is also paying sufficient attention to produce energy via renewable energy sources. In the Paris-Agreement, India has devoted to an Intended Nationally Determined Contributions target of achieving 40% of its total electricity generation from renewable energy sources by 2030. The country is aiming for even more ambitious target of 57% of the total electricity capacity from non-fossil energy sources by 2027 in Central Electricity Authority's strategy blueprint. According to 2027 blueprint, India aims to have 275 GW from renewable energy, 72 GW of hydroelectricity, 15 GW of nuclear energy and nearly 100 GW from “other zero emission” sources. In the quarter ending September 2019, India’s total renewable electricity capacity (including large hydro) was 130.68 GW. This represents 35.7% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in the country, which is around 366 GW. As of October 2019, of the 175 GW interim target, 83 GW is already operational, 29 is under installation, 30 GW is under bidding, and remaining 43 GW is under planning. 175 GW interim targets is 100 GW of solar, 60 GW of wind, 10 GW of bio mass and 5 GW of small hydro. As of 2019, 35% total power production comes from renewable energy, 13% or 45.399 GW of the total from all sources comes from large hydro projects, 10% or 36,686.82 GW of the total from all sources from wind power which is fourth-largest in the world, 8% or 9.1 GW of total power from all sources from Biomass power from biomass combustion, biomass gasification and biogases cogeneration. Types of Renewable Energy Let's look a little closer at some examples of renewable energy sources---© 2020 JETIR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) JETIRDO06009 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 34 1-Solar Energy Direct energy from the sun powers solar energy systems. More solar energy reaches the Earth each minute than is consumed in fossil fuels in an entire year. Solar energy may be divided into two major categories: solar thermal and solar voltaic. Solar thermal energy relies on heating of a carrier fluid, often water. The warmed liquid may be used directly, as in hot water heating, or used to drive another process, such as electrical generation. Solar voltaic or photovoltaic systems generate energy by capturing electrons excited by photons in sunlight. Photovoltaic (PV) cells use the electromagnetic properties of sunlight to generate electricity. Despite massive potential, solar power currently has limited market penetration. Even in highly suitable countries such as Australia, solar provides less than 10% of energy demand. Nonetheless, worldwide, more than 140 million m of solar thermal collectors has been installed—more than 100 GW in energygenerating potential, which is more than total global installed wind capacity. In areas with large amounts of available land, central-receiver solar electrical generation has major potential for expansion. Solar thermal production might supply 5–20% of all energy demand worldwide by mid-century. Photovoltaic generation has strong potential for supplying a major portion of electricity demand. Photovoltaic’s can be mounted on roofs in urban demand centers. Nanotechnology may soon provide photovoltaic paints that will allow electricity generation from any painted surface. It is possible that all residential electricity use could be provided by photovoltaic’s within the 21st century. Hence solar energy or energy from the sun, is harnessed using solar collectors. This collected energy can then be used to provide heat, light, or other forms of electricity. Pros: Sunlight is free and readily available almost everywhere. Using it does not create any wastes or pollutants. Cons: The technology needed to collect and use solar energy can be expensive. Sunlight can only be collected during the day when it is sunny. The total installed capacity of Renewable energy in India is 71 GW as on June 2018, where 23.02 GW power is installed capacity of SPV plants including rooftop systems. Rajasthan state captures solar radiation of 6-7 kWh/m 2 /day with approximately 300 sunny days per year (27.0238° N, 74.2179° E).