Top Research Papers on Creatine

The goal of this chapter is to summarize how creatine and its associated enzyme, creatine kinase, act under normal physiological conditions, and how altered levels of either may lead to detrimental functional outcomes.

Considering an acceptable creatine intake of 3 g per day, most of the evaluated creatine forms are unlikely to pose safety concerns, however some safety concerns regarding a supplementary intake of creatine orotate, creatine phosphate, and magnesium creatine chelate are discussed here.

Creatine (Cr) is needed to maintain high energy levels in cells. Since Cr plays reportedly a critical role in neurodevelopment and the immune system, Cr dynamics should be strictly regulated to control these physiological events. This review focuses on the role of transporters that recognize Cr and/or Cr precursors. Our previous studies revealed physiological roles of SLC6A and SLC16A family transporters in Cr dynamics. Creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6A8) contributes to the influx transport of Cr in Cr distribution. γ-Aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2/SLC6A13) mediates incorporation of guani...

Creatine is pivotal in energy metabolism of the brain. In primary creatine deficiency syndromes, creatine is missing from the brain. Two of them (AGAT and GAMT deficiency) are due to impaired creatine synthesis, and can be treated by creatine supplementation. By contrast, creatine transporter deficiency cannot be treated by such supplementation, since creatine crossing of biological membranes (plasma membrane and blood-brain barrier) is dependent on its transporter. This problem might be overcome by modifying the creatine molecule to allow it to cross biological membranes independently of its ...

A greater understanding of these pathways, and the consequences of alterations to creatine bioavailability in females are needed to ensure that creatine is used to full advantage as a dietary supplement to optimize and enhance health outcomes for women.

It is shown that Slc6a8-/y mice have widely varying organ-specific uptake of Cr-d3, significantly diminished growth with the exception of brain, progressive vacuolar myopathy, and markedly shortened lifespan.

The GC method for simultaneous determination of GAA and Cr in human saliva is fast, reliable, sensitive, non-invasive and precise to use as a biochemical approach in early detection of cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes.

CKi is developed to uncover an essential role for CKs in the regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and rapidly and selectively deplete creatine phosphate, and drive toxicity selectively in CK-dependent acute myeloid leukemia.

Diagnosis of macro‐CK type 1 obviates the need to carry out pointless and expensive investigations seeking a neuromuscular or cardiac pathology, and also, the unwarranted discontinuation of statin therapy.

It is hypothesize that creatine supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for improving vascular health in at-risk populations such as older adults or those with CVD.

It is concluded that Creatine HCl and creatine Monohydrate improve performance but only creatine HCl induces changes on body composition in recreational weightlifters with differences between creatine H cl doses.

Isotretinoin has been reported to elevate creatine kinase, which may lead to fatal rhabdomyolysis.

Insights from the recent molecular, animal and human case studies of CTD add toward understanding of this complex disorder and reveal the wide-ranging effects elicited upon CRT1 dysfunction, which grants novel therapeutic prospects for the treatment of patients afflicted with CTD.

It is shown that creatine kinase B (CKB) is indispensable for thermogenesis resulting from the futile creatine cycle, during which it traffics to mitochondria using an internal mitochondrial targeting sequence.

While creatine appears to be safe and effective for particular settings, whether creatine supplementation leads to improved performance on the field of play remains unknown.

Creatine, a widely available nutritional supplement, has the potential to improve disruptions in brain energy production, storage, and utilization in some patients, and early clinical trials indicate that it may have efficacy as an antidepressant agent.

A disease-driven brain creatine deficit could be seen as a distinctive pathological facet of severe MS that might be approached with targeted therapies in aim to restore creatine homeostasis.

Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise.

Identification of patients with CTD is possible by measuring urine Cr and Crn levels and the current case adds to the growing literature of neurocognitive deficits associated with the disorder that affect cognition, language and behavior in childhood.

Observations that creatine supplementation can prevent hepatic steatosis in a rodent model may be a function of the route of dietary assimilation, and Creatine supplementation has also been reported to improve the intestinal barrierfunction of the rodent suffering from inflammatory bowel disease.

Proof-of-principle that elevated creatine protects the heart from ischaemia-reperfusion injury is demonstrated, which suggests activation of the CrT as a major unmet pharmacological target.

It can be concluded that creatine supplementation has several health and therapeutic benefits throughout the lifespan.

Creatine supplementation had minimal impact on creatine homeostasis in either non-pregnant or pregnant spiny mice, suggesting that increasing maternal dietary creatine consumption could be a useful treatment for birth asphyxia.

Creatine is a compound that is critical for energy metabolism of nervous cells that causes severe brain symptoms and may be a useful strategy in creatine transporter deficiency.

Intranasal administration with DCE-ME improved NOR performance in Slc6a8-/y mice and increased striatal ATP levels mainly in the striatum compared with vehicle-treated Slc7-/Y mice, highlighting the potential value of D CE-ME as promising therapy for creatine transporter deficiency.

How 1H MRS allows the measurement of Cr and PCr, and how 31P MRS makes it possible to estimate the creatine kinase (CK) rate constant and so detect dynamic changes in the Cr/PCr/CK system are described.

A cell-intrinsic role for creatine transport and creatine transphosphorylation is demonstrated, independent of their effects on global cellular energy charge, in supporting CD8+ T cell homeostasis and effector function.

Given the known physiological effects of creatine, intradialytic creatine supplementation may help to maintain creatine homeostasis among dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients, and consequently improve muscle status, nutritional status, neurocognitive status, HRQoL.

It is reported that exposing cultured cardiomyocytes to low oxygen levels rapidly diminishes Cr transport by decreasing Vmax and Km, and the cytoprotective effects of Cr supplementation are related to enhanced adaptive physiological responses to hypoxia mediated by HIF‐1.

The present data suggest that fetal endogenous Cr synthesis covers the needs at the end of pregnancy, however, high colostrum Cr and HM Cr levels, independent of macronutrient composition, suggest that there may be a critical Cr demand immediately after birth that needs to be covered by enteral supply.

Creatine can function as a blood antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage, genotoxicity and can potentially increase their lifespan.

Experimental research suggests that creatine supplementation does not enhance physical performance in the military, however, limitations in creatine dosage, military fitness testing and sample group selection might have underestimated the ergogenic properties of creatine.

The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of creatine in cardiac energy metabolism, the assessment and clinical value of creatine deficiency in heart failure, and the possible options for the specific metabolic therapy.

Abstract Creatine is an amino acid derivate commonly found in vertebrate muscle tissue. Creatine facilitates the recycling of adenosine triphosphate and thus contributes to the energy supply of the muscles as well as the brain. Creatine is used as a supplement for several reasons and its effects in humans, particularly in sports medicine, have been studied excessively. Also, creatine supplementation has been studied for its functions and benefits in terrestrial farm animals. Up to date, little is known about the use of creatine as a supplement in fish nutrition. Yet, due to its many physiologi...

A brief description of creatine's influence on cognition with probable implications for future research on this intriguing topic is provided.

The purpose of this article is to summarize the rationale, prevalence of use, performance benefits, clinical applications, and safety of creatine use in children and adolescents.

Creatine is a popular ergogenic aid among athletic populations with consistent evidence indicating that creatine supplementation also continues to be commonly used among adolescent populations. In addition, the evidence base supporting the therapeutic benefits of creatine supplementation for a plethora of clinical applications in both adults and children continues to grow. Among pediatric populations, a strong rationale exists for creatine to afford therapeutic benefits pertaining to multiple neuromuscular and metabolic disorders, with preliminary evidence for other subsets of clinical populat...

There is a potential for creatine supplementation to improve cognitive processing, especially in conditions characterized by brain creatine deficits, which could be induced by acute stressors or chronic, pathologic conditions.

Measure creatine kinase if a patient on statin therapy develops muscle pain and warrant investigation for underlying secondary causes including endocrine, autoimmune, and genetic disorders.

The role of creatine in tumor progression is summarized, which will call to caution when considering creatine supplementation to clinically treat cancer patients.