Top Research Papers on Death Penalty

Abstract Human capital theory, the notion that there is a direct relationship between educational investment and individual and national prosperity, has dominated public policy on education and labor for the past fifty years. This book describes the development of human capital theory and why it has turned into a failed revolution. It outlines an alternative theory that re-defines human capital in an age of smart machines. The new human capital rejects the view that automation and AI will result in the end of waged work, but sees the fundamental problem as a lack of quality jobs offering inter...

A New York Times BestsellerA Wall Street Journal BestsellerA New York Times Notable Book of 2020A New York Times Book Review Editors’ ChoiceShortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the YearA New Statesman Book to ReadFrom economist Anne Case and Nobel Prize winner Angus Deaton, a groundbreaking account of how the flaws in capitalism are fatal for America's working classDeaths of despair from suicide, drug overdose, and alcoholism are rising dramatically in the United States, claiming hundreds of thousands of American lives. Anne Case and Angus Deaton explain the overwh...

The consequences of digital punishment, as described in hundreds of interviews detailed in this book, lead people to purposefully opt out of society as they cope with privacy and due process violations.

Excess cardiovascular mortality was greater in the less developed cities, possibly associated with healthcare collapse, and specified cardiovascular deaths increased in cities with a healthcare collapse.

Surveillance capitalism is what happened when US democracy stood down. Two decades later, it fails any reasonable test of responsible global stewardship of digital information and communications. The abdication of the world’s information spaces to surveillance capitalism has become the meta-crisis of every republic because it obstructs solutions to all other crises. The surveillance capitalist giants–Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, and their ecosystems–now constitute a sweeping political-economic institutional order that exerts oligopolistic control over most digital information an...

The existing empirical evidence on the motherhood wage gap is summarized using meta-analysis and test for several mechanisms which can be responsible for the persistence of the wage gap.

The results indicate that societies that are more economically unequal and lack capacity in some dimensions of social capital experienced more COVID-19 deaths, possibly due to behavioural contagion and incongruence with physical distancing policy.

When someone walks out of the doors of a U.S. jail or prison, freedom is too often still a distant dream. Instead, they move into a new phase of incarceration, characterised by isolation, exclusion...

Abstract Across societies, humans punish norm violations. To date, research on the antecedents and consequences of punishment has largely relied upon agent-based modeling and laboratory experiments. Here, we report a longitudinal study documenting punishment responses to norm violations in daily life ( k = 1507; N = 257) and test pre-registered hypotheses about the antecedents of direct punishment (i.e., confrontation) and indirect punishment (i.e., gossip and social exclusion). We find that people use confrontation versus gossip in a context-sensitive manner. Confrontation is more likely when...

Recommendations are provided for the minimum clinical standards for determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria in adults and children with clear guidance for various clinical circumstances and have widespread international society endorsement.

The role of environmental information disclosure (EID) in debt financing for penalized enterprises remains limited in the current literature. This research seeks to investigate this topic by focusing on manufacturing firms that have been penalized by the Chinese government for violating environmental rules and regulations. Further, it analyzes how environmental administrative penalties impact the debt cost in the following year. Based on our results, the environmental administrative penalty significantly increases the debt cost in the following year through the negative increment of the compan...

A norm version of the RMSProp algorithm with penalty is introduced into the deep learning framework and its convergence is addressed both analytically and numerically and it is shown that the weight sequence converges to a stationary point with probability 1.

This work indicates that conformational penalties are a major determinant of protein–DNA recognition, and reveals mechanisms by which mismatches can recruit transcription factors and thus modulate replication and repair activities in the cell.

This article analyzes the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) decoupling and financial market outcomes. CSR decoupling refers to the gap between CSR disclosure and CSR performance. More specifically, we analyze the effect of CSR decoupling on analysts’ forecast errors, cost of capital, and access to finance. We also examine the moderating effect of forecast errors on relationships between CSR decoupling and cost of capital and access to finance. For a sample of U.S. firms consisting of 7,681 firm-year observations for the period 2006–2015, our empirical evidence supports...

The consistency of physical punishment is harmful to children and that policy remedies are warranted, and associations between physical punishment and detrimental child outcomes are robust across child and parent characteristics.

Results indicated that school corporal punishment is prevalent across the globe and does not appear to be decreasing over time, although measurement differences preclude firm conclusions.

Abstract This study examines whether penalties issued to Chinese listed companies by securities regulators for violations of corporate law affect the cost of debt, and the moderating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) fulfillment on this relationship. Our sample consists of firms listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2011 to 2017 and the data are collected from the announcements of China Securities Regulatory Commission. The findings are as follows: (1) punishment announcements by regulatory authorities increase the cost of debt; and (2) the effect of punishment annou...

We examine gender differences in misconduct punishment in the financial advisory industry. There is a “gender punishment gap”: following an incident of misconduct, female advisers are 20% more likely to lose their jobs and 30% less likely to find new jobs, relative to male advisers. The gender punishment gap is not driven by gender differences in occupation, productivity, nature of misconduct, or recidivism. The gap in hiring and firing dissipates at firms with a greater percentage of female managers and executives. We also explore the differential treatment of ethnic minority men and find sim...

The signaling mechanisms underlying each cell-death pathway are reviewed, how impaired or excessive activation of the distinct cell-death processes can promote disease are discussed, and existing and potential therapies for redressing imbalances in cell death in cancer and other diseases are highlighted.

Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century showed that capitalism, left to itself, generates deepening inequality. In this audacious follow-up, he challenges us to revolutionize how we think about ideology and history, exposing the ideas that have sustained inequality since premodern times and outlining a fairer economic system.

Methodologically and theoretically innovative, this monograph draws from Marxism and deconstruction bringing together the textual and the material in our understanding of international law. Approaching 'civilisation' as an argumentative pattern related to the distribution of rights and duties amongst different communities, Ntina Tzouvala illustrates both its contradictory nature and its pro-capitalist bias. 'Civilisation' is shown to oscillate between two poles. On the one hand, a pervasive 'logic of improvement' anchors legal equality to demands that non-Western polities undertake extensive d...

An archive-assisted constrained multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (CMOEA), called ShiP+, is proposed, which outperforms two other state-of-the-art CMOEAs and is applied to the vehicle scheduling of the urban bus line successfully.

Disruption of susceptibility (S) genes in crops is an attractive breeding strategy for conferring disease resistance 1,2 . However, S genes are implicated in many essential biological functions and deletion of these genes typically results in undesired pleiotropic effects 1 . Loss-of-function mutations in one such S gene, Mildew resistance locus O (MLO), confers durable and broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew in various plant species 2,3 . However, mlo-associated resistance is also accompanied by growth penalties and yield losses 3,4 , thereby limiting its widespread use in agriculture...

The story of dying in the 21st century is a story of paradox. While many people are overtreated in hospitals with families and communities relegated to the margins, still more remain undertreated, dying of preventable conditions and without access to basic pain relief. The unbalanced and contradictory picture of death and dying is the basis for this Commission.

This guideline is to update the 2010 AAN brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) guideline for adults and the 2011 American Academy of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine guideline for infants and children and to clarify the BD/D NC determination process by integrating guidance for Adults and children into a single guideline.

A growing body of research has analysed the variegation of financialization processes and the role of states as important actors therein. Contributing to this literature, this paper argues that more than important actors facilitating financialization, states can also (partially) exert control over, actively manage and shape financialization. In the context of China’s variegated financialization process, this paper analyses the crucial role of securities exchanges in the development of China’s capital markets since the global financial crisis 2007–2009. These state-owned exchanges act as interm...

The emerging complexities of intrinsic apoptosis controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins are discussed, highlighting the emerging theory that non-lethal mitochondrial apoptotic signalling has diverse biological roles that impact cancer, innate immunity and ageing.

How the understanding of the association between intelligence and all-cause mortality has consolidated with the appearance of new, population-scale data is described and whether genetic data provide new tools to understand parts of the intelligence-health associations is discussed.

Foreword: Institutions, Markets, and Games by Avner Greif ix Acknowledgments xxxiii Introduction by Victor Nee and Richard Swedberg xxxv PART I: The New Study of Capitalism 1 The Economic Sociology of Capitalism: An Introduction and Agenda by Richard Swedberg 3 Capitalism and Economic Growth by Douglass C. North 41 Organizational Dynamics of Change: Politicized Capitalism in China by Victor Nee 53 Still Disenchanted? The Modernity of Postindustrial Capitalism by Francis Fukuyama 75 The Challenges of the Institutional Turn: New Interdisciplinary Opportunities in Development Theory by Peter Evan...

New parenthood causes large decreases in labor market incomes for mothers but not fathers, a stylized fact known as the “child penalty.” We combine a simple household model with estimates of child penalties in heterosexual nonadopting, adopting, and same-sex couples to better understand what causes the child penalty in heterosexual nonadopting couples. Our results largely rule out giving birth and the father’s advantage in the labor market as mechanisms, leaving preferences, gender norms, and discrimination as the main explanations. In addition, our paper provides novel evidence on the impact ...

Intangible assets are a large and growing part of firms’ capital stocks. Intangibles are accumulated via investment—foregoing consumption today for output in the future—but they lack a physical presence. Rather than stopping with this “lack,” we instead focus on the positive properties of intangibles. Specifically, intangibles must be stored, so characteristics of the storage medium have important implications for their value and use. These properties include non-rivalry, allowing the intangible to be used simultaneously in different production streams, and limited excludability, which prevent...

The contributors to Colonial Racial Capitalism demonstrate the co-constitution and entanglement of slavery and colonialism from the conquest of the New World through industrial capitalism to contemporary financial capitalism.

We estimate the impact of venture capital (VC) contract terms on startup outcomes and the split of value between the entrepreneur and investor, accounting for endogenous selection via a novel dynamic search-and-matching model. The estimation uses a new, large data set of first financing rounds of startup companies. Consistent with efficient contracting theories, there is an optimal equity split between agents, which maximizes the probability of success. However, venture capitalists (VCs) use their bargaining power to receive more investor-friendly terms compared to the contract that maximizes ...

The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, by Shoshana Zuboff. London: Profile Books, 2019, 704 p.

This book brings together for the first time distinguished and rising scholars to consider the utility of the concept of racial capitalism across historical settings. By theorizing and testing racial capitalism in different circumstances, this book shows its analytical and political power for today’s scholars and activists.

Doug Elmendorf of Harvard University reviews “The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism” by Martin Wolf. The EconLit abstract of this book begins: “Promotes the argument that economic disappointment is one of the chief explanations for the rise of left- and right-wing populism in high-income democracies, focusing on what can be done to restore the relationship between capitalism and democracy.”

Has the occurrence of “extreme capital flow movements”—episodes of sudden surges, stops, flight and retrenchment—changed since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC)? And was the period at the outset of the Covid Crisis any different? This paper addresses these questions by updating and building on the dataset and methodology introduced in Forbes and Warnock (2012) to calculate the occurrence of sharp capital flow movements by foreigners and domestics into and out of individual countries. The results suggest that the occurrence of these extreme capital flow movements has not increased since the GFC...

This paper employs racial capitalism as a framework for understanding the urban process. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: (1) to center the racial character of the urban process within a broader political economy of racial capitalism and (2) to position capitalism and racism as mutually dependent systems of exploitation. The paper begins by discussing the omission of race and racism within urbanization processes. Here, the work of David Harvey is critiqued in order to highlight not only the contradictions of capitalism, but also those of Marxist scholars in understanding urban developmen...

This article contributes to the development of state capitalism as a reflexively critical project focusing on the morphology of present-day capitalism, and particularly on the changing role of the state. We bring analytical clarity to state capitalism studies by offering a rigorous definition of its object of investigation, and by demonstrating how the category state capitalism can be productively construed as a means of problematising the current aggregate expansion of the state’s role as promoter, supervisor and owner of capital across the world economy. Noting some of the geographical short...

(Molecular Cell, Vol. 15, 901–912; September 24, 2004) We, the editors of Molecular Cell, were contacted by the corresponding author, Dr. Richard Kitsis, and a concerned reader, who informed us about a duplication in Figure 7A of the above paper. Dr. Kitsis apologized for the inadvertent side-by-side duplication of the α-tubulin loading control. The authors no longer have access to the original data published 16 years ago and could not determine how the error arose. They note, however, that the data in lanes 1–3 of Figure 7B show independently that ARC levels in H9c2 cells decrease with hydrog...