Top Research Papers on Forensic Science

Unlike other more established disciplines, a shared understanding and broad acceptance of the essence of forensic science, its purpose, and fundamental principles are still missing or mis-represented. This foundation has been overlooked, although recognised by many forensic science forefathers and seen as critical to this discipline's advancement. The Sydney Declaration attempts to revisit the essence of forensic science through its foundational basis, beyond organisations, technicalities or protocols. It comprises a definition of forensic science and seven fundamental principles that emphasis...

Benefits, limitations, and forensic implications concerning AI are highlighted, by providing an extensive critical review of its current applications on forensic sciences as well as its future directions.

This review summarized the applied techniques and applied nanomaterials (NMs) for the progress of latent fingerprints (LFPs) images on several surfaces. Used numerous types of NMs and their benefits along with their quality of the LFPs images on the porous and non-porous substrates. Several conventional techniques used for the examining of FPs pictures such as physical (powder dusting), chemical (cyanoacrylate, ninhydrin, AgNO3, fluorescent dye, etc.), and instrumental (gas chromatography, Raman scattering, Fourier transform infrared, etc.) have been discussed and gradually compromised their d...

Today, forensic pathologists rely heavily upon forensic toxicology testing to determine how alcohol, drugs, or poisons may have caused or contributed to death.

Digital forensic in Internet-of-Thing (IoT) paradigm is critical due to its heterogeneity and lack of transparency of evidence processing. Moreover, cross-border legalization makes a hindrance in such process pertaining to the cloud forensic issues. This urges a forensic framework for IoT which provides distributed computing, decentralization, and transparency of forensic investigation of digital evidences in cross-border perspectives. To this end, we propose a framework for IoT forensics that addresses the above mentioned issues. The proposed solution called Internet-of-Forensics (IoF) consid...

is a substantial contribution to our field, both in scope and significance and will likely prompt many readers to reflect upon the history of forensic linguistics and the place of this edition in that history.Readers will likely recall the popularity of the first edition in 2010, which provided broad coverage of the field with plentiful reference to general scholarship in linguistics, applied linguistics and the legal processes giving it a wide appeal.However, no sooner do we start to consider the history or development of this field than we run into a range of definitional problems: what exac...

This is the first comprehensive overview of the 'science of science,' an emerging interdisciplinary field that relies on big data to unveil the reproducible patterns that govern individual scientific careers and the workings of science. It explores the roots of scientific impact, the role of productivity and creativity, when and what kind of collaborations are effective, the impact of failure and success in a scientific career, and what metrics can tell us about the fundamental workings of science. The book relies on data to draw actionable insights, which can be applied by individuals to furt...

The chapter gives an account of both opportunities and challenges of human–machine collaboration in citizen science. In the age of big data, scientists are facing the overwhelming task of analysing massive amounts of data, and machine learning techniques are becoming a possible solution. Human and artificial intelligence can be recombined in citizen science in numerous ways. For example, citizen scientists can be involved in training machine learning algorithms in such a way that they perform certain tasks such as image recognition. To illustrate the possible applications in different areas, w...

This paper is a comprehensive survey of the utilization of packet analysis, including deep packet inspection, in network forensics, and provides a review of AI-powered packet analysis methods with advanced network traffic classification and pattern identification capabilities.

This article presents a review of research demonstrating the use of DART-MS for forensically relevant samples over the past five years, and background on the technique, sampling approaches, and data analysis methods are presented.

Toxicologists, medical examiners, and coroners should be aware of novel opioids outside the standard scope of testing, especially in medicolegal death investigations, and public health officials should counsel about potent new drugs and the dangers of opioid use.

Citizen science is an increasingly acknowledged approach applied in many scientific domains, and particularly within the environmental and ecological sciences, in which non-professional participants contribute to data collection to advance scientific research. We present contributory citizen science as a valuable method to scientists and practitioners within the environmental and ecological sciences, focusing on the full life cycle of citizen science practice, from design to implementation, evaluation and data management. We highlight key issues in citizen science and how to address them, such...

The asymmetric α-addition of relatively nonpolar hydrocarbon substrates, such as allyl and aryl groups, to aldehydes and ketones remains a largely unsolved problem in organic synthesis, despite the wide potential utility of direct routes to such products. We reasoned that well-established chiral amine catalysis, which activates aldehydes toward electrophile addition by enamine formation, could be expanded to this important reaction class by applying a single-electron oxidant to create a transient radical species from the enamine. We demonstrated the concept of singly occupied molecular orbital...

The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the main issues involved in the complex process of IoT-based investigations, particularly all legal, privacy and cloud security challenges, as well as some promising cross-cutting data reduction and forensics intelligence techniques.

Carbon sequestration is defined as the secure storage of carbon‐containing molecules for >100 years, and in the context of carbon dioxide removal for climate mitigation, the origin of this CO 2 is from the atmosphere. On land, trees globally sequester substantial amounts of carbon in woody biomass, and an analogous role for seaweeds in ocean carbon sequestration has been suggested. The purposeful expansion of natural seaweed beds and aquaculture systems, including into the open ocean (ocean afforestation), has been proposed as a method of increasing carbon sequestration and use in carbon tr...

The utility of NGS sequencing in forensics is discussed, emphasizing the advantages, issues, the technical aspects of the experiments, commercial solutions, and the potentially interesting applications of MPS.

This work presents a new large-scale challenging DeepFake video dataset, Celeb-DF, which contains 5,639 high-quality DeepFake videos of celebrities generated using improved synthesis process and conducts a comprehensive evaluation of DeepFake detection methods and datasets to demonstrate the escalated level of challenges posed by Celebrity-DF.

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the image forensics techniques with a special focus on deep-learning-based methods, and suggests some future working directions that the research community could consider to tackle in a more effective way the spread of doctored images.

ABSTRACT The science of reading has made genuine progress in understanding reading and the teaching of reading, but is the science of reading just the science of reading English? Worldwide, a majority of students learn to read and write in non‐European, nonalphabetic orthographies such as abjads (e.g., Arabic), abugidas/alphasyllabaries (e.g., Hindi), or morphosyllabaries (e.g., Chinese). Over a decade ago, I argued that the extreme inconsistency of English spelling–sound correspondence had confined the science of reading to an insular, Anglocentric research agenda addressing theoretical and a...

The ever-increasing need for forensic accounting services in today’s business environment has highlighted the need for accounting educators to consider integrating forensic accounting into their curriculum. This research has provided evidence about the current forensic accounting curricula, handbooks and syllabi and explored the pedagogical methods that Australian universities currently use in forensic accounting education. In addition, forensic accounting practitioners and academics were interviewed to further explore potential forensic accounting pedagogies. The theoretical framework used in...

It is shown that the DeepFake forensics detectors are susceptible to attacks launched by the proposed GAN model, which can be truly regarded as DeepFake anti-forensics as it can fool detecting algorithms and human eyes simultaneously.

Abstract Citizen science evolved through multiple disciplinary manifestations into a new field of study and a participatory method of enquiry. While most citizen science projects take place within problem-focused natural sciences, social sciences and humanities help understanding the human dimension and open a broad methodological spectrum for enriching scientific research with new approaches and for boosting public participation. In this paper, we use a meta-synthesis approach to explore how citizen science is practised in the so far less addressed social sciences and humanities by focusing o...

An accessible way to understand how and why corporations influence science is provided, the need for collective solutions is demonstrated, and changes needed to ensure science works in the public interest are discussed.

A qualitative review of all the relevant reviews in the field of digital forensics, determined the main topics ondigital forensics topics and identified their main challenges, paving the way for closer collaboration among researcher and practitioners among different topics of digitalForensics.

Henri Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis is a foundational work of modern philosophy of science that challenges superficial views of scientific certainty. Poincaré argues that the logic of science is not infallible, and that mathematical truths are not simply derived from self-evident propositions. Instead, he examines the indispensable role of hypothesis, which he insists is as necessary for the experimenter as it is for the mathematician. The book distinguishes between different kinds of hypotheses: some are verifiable and become fertile truths, while others are merely "conventions in disguis...

It is argued that hope can be a therapeutic target and evidence showing the effects of hope-enhancing therapies is reviewed to suggest further research directions in this area.

Sex-specific differences in the prevalence of frailty have been observed and treatment interventions of geriatric care can be applied to the care of frail older women with these differences in mind.

A new application of the Forensic-Based Investigation Algorithm (FBIA), which is a new meta-heuristic optimization technique, to accurately extract the electrical parameters of different PV models to be a competitive technique for PV module parameter extraction.

Ernst Mach (1838–1916), the first scientist to study objects moving faster than the speed of sound, propounded a scientific philosophy which called for a strict adherence to observable data. He maintained that the sole purpose of scientific study is to provide the simplest possible description of detectable phenomena. In this work, first published in German in 1883 and here translated in 1893 by Thomas J. McCormack (1865–1932) from the 1888 second edition, Mach begins with a historical discussion of mechanical principles. He then proceeds to a critique of Newton's concept of 'absolute' space a...

Nowadays, news publication, propagation, and consumption have been diverted to online social media networks and web portals, which has given rise to falsified and fabricated news articles containing both textual and visual information formats. Most of the research to date is centered on textual fake news detection using machine learning approaches, where multimedia data forgery is hardly addressed. Hence, a multimodal fake news detection framework is proposed, which unitedly exploits hidden pattern extraction capabilities from text using Hierarchical Attention Network (HAN) and visual image fe...

This work proposes LEChain, a blockchain-based lawful evidence management scheme to supervise the entire evidence flow and all of the court data (e.g., votes and trial results), extending from evidence collection and access during the police investigation to jury voting in the court trials.

Everyone benefits if developing‐world and developed‐world scientists work together collaboratively to pose interesting and novel questions, generate new data, update existing data, carry out analyses, and arrive at interesting insights and interpretations; the biodiversity science community can replace “parachute” science with “global science.”

Over the last few decades, there has been growing interest in artificial intelligence (AI) and how to apply it effectively in the educational process. The behavioural intention and attitudes of teachers play an important role in this regard. The technology acceptance model (TAM) has been shown to be effective in predicting factors that may positively or negatively influence behavioural intentions to use technology. The current study therefore aims to use this model to reveal teachers’ perceptions of the factors that influence the use of AI applications in science education. This research uses ...

This work proposes to conceptualize science-related populism as a set of ideas which suggests that there is a morally charged antagonism between an allegedly virtuous ordinary people and an unvirtuous academic elite, and that this antagonism is due to the elite illegitimately claiming and the people legitimately demanding both science- related decision-making sovereignty and truth-speaking sovereignty.

This work evaluates the speed–accuracy tradeoff of three popular deep learning-based face detectors on the WIDER Face and UFDD data sets in several CPUs and GPUs and develops a regression model capable to estimate the performance, both in terms of processing time and accuracy.

The presence of metals and semimetals can provide various information. In archeological samples, for instance, the investigation of metals can indicate the age of the objects, valuable information in historical studies; meanwhile, in cosmetics and food samples, their presence can indicate contamination which can cause severe problems to human health. In fuels, metals can cause environmental damage, economic loss, and damage car engine parts; therefore, their determination provides information about the fuel quality, while in gunshot residues samples they provide evidence of a crime scene and e...

These techniques are effective in identifying stealthy attack campaigns, reduce the false alarm rates by more than an order of magnitude, and yield compact scenario graphs that capture the vast majority of the attack, while leaving out benign background activity.

Nature, Distribution, and Origin of Soil Materials in the Forensic Comparison of Soils, R.W. Fitzpatrick Cadaver Decomposition and Soil: Processes, D.O. Carter and M. Tibbett The Role of Soil Organisms in Terrestrial Decomposition, D.W. Hopkins Soil Fungi Associated with Graves and Latrines: Toward a Forensic Mycology, N. Sagara, Takashi, Yamanaka, and M. Tibbett The Role of Invertebrates in Terrestrial Decomposition Forensic Applications, I.R. Dadour and M.L. Harvey The Decomposition of Hair in the Buried Body Environment, A.S. Wilson The Decomposition of Materials Associated with Buried Cada...

Abstract Qualitative interviewing is one of the most widely used methods in social research, but it is arguably the least well understood. To address that gap, this book offers a theoretically rigorous, empirically rich, and user-friendly set of strategies for conceiving and conducting interview-based research. Much more than a how-to manual, the book shows why depth interviewing is an indispensable method for discovering and explaining the social world—shedding light on the hidden patterns and dynamics that take place within institutions, social contexts, relationships, and individual experie...

The scientific enterprise faces a parallel set of problems—from hype and hyperbole to publication bias and citation misdirection, predatory publishing, and filter bubbles—and these parallels are highlighted and discuss future research directions and interventions.