Top Research Papers on Nuclear Physics

This volume presents, with some amplification, the notes on the lectures on nuclear physics given by Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago in 1949 "The compilers of this publication may be warmly congratulated The scope of this course is amazing: within 240 pages it ranges from the general properties of atomic nuclei and nuclear forces to mesons and cosmic raysThis volume presents, with some amplification, the notes on the lectures on nuclear physics given by Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago in 1949 "The compilers of this publication may be warmly congratulated The scope of this c...

Physical systems characterized by a shallow two-body bound or virtual state are governed at large distances by continuous scale invariance, which is broken into discrete scale invariance when three...

Neutron stars are considered extraordinary astronomical laboratories for the physics of nuclear matter as they have the most fascinating constitution of energy and matter in the Universe [...]

The NUBASE2020 evaluation contains the recommended values of the main nuclear physics properties for all nuclei in their ground and excited, isomeric (T1/2 100 ns) states. It encompasses all experimental data published in primary (journal articles) and secondary (mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings) references, together with the corresponding bibliographical information. In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide, trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclei were examined and estimated values are proposed. Evaluation proc...

High-power lasers can produce high-energy gamma rays, charged particles, and neutrons and induce various types of nuclear reactions. In Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), Romania, high-power lasers are entering a new realm of 10 PW peak power, capable of obtaining a focused intensity of 1023 Wcm–2. Such an intense laser pulse will be used for studies relevant to nuclear physics, high-field physics, and quantum electrodynamics, or the combination of laser gamma experiments. Here, we describe how a laser is used to drive high-energy photons and accelerate electrons and proton...

This Review gives a snapshot of nuclear physics research which has been transformed by machine learning techniques.

The paper offers the option of using the Wolfram Mathematica system as an electronic educational resource necessary for conducting laboratory-practical classes in nuclear physics. The capabilities of this system make it possible to obtain experimental data on the static properties of atomic nuclei, such as atomic number, mass number, binding energy, and also on the decay types of all nuclear isotopes when addressing the IsotopeData operator. The visualization of the result, as well as the analysis of information on the properties of atomic nuclei, can be carried out on-line.

An overview of digital quantum simulations in nuclear physics is presented, with select examples relevant for studies of quark matter.

The quark field unifies the four interactions of the Standard Model. SU (2)-Nuclear Physics as an analog of U (1)-chemistry, is related to discrete symmetry groups, corresponding to quark flavors, and supporting Dr. Moon’s Model of the nucleus. Reinterpreting Weak Force as modeling transitions of Klein geometries of baryons via Quark Lines Diagrams, in particle accelerators experiments and Nuclear Physics is attempted. Nuclear Force is a resultant of exchange of mesons as two-ways quark “bonds” between nucleons, similar to electronic bonds in chemistry. An effective potential has terms corresp...

A brief commentary on recent work by Hammer and Son on the scaling behavior of nuclear reactions involving the emission of several loosely bound neutrons, in which an approximate conformal symmetry of the nuclear force is discovered.

A common problem in data analysis is the separation of signal and background. We revisit and generalise the so-called sWeights method, which allows one to calculate an empirical estimate of the signal density of a control variable using a fit of a mixed signal and background model to a discriminating variable. We show that sWeights are a special case of a larger class of Custom Orthogonal Weight functions (COWs), which can be applied to a more general class of problems in which the discriminating and control variables are not necessarily independent and still achieve close to optimal performan...

The recent demonstration of laser excitation of the $\approx 8$ eV isomeric state of thorium-229 is a significant step towards a nuclear clock. The low excitation energy likely results from a cancellation between the contributions of the electromagnetic and strong forces. Physics beyond the Standard Model could disrupt this cancellation, highlighting nuclear clocks' sensitivity to new physics. Accurate predictions of the different contributions to nuclear transition energies, and therefore of the quantitative sensitivity of a nuclear clock, are challenging. We improve upon previous sensitivity...

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The energy levels of light hypernuclei are experimentally accessible observables that contain valuable information about the interaction between hyperons and nucleons. In this work we study strangeness $S = -1$ systems $^{3,4}_\Lambda$H and $^{4,5}_\Lambda$He using the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM) with realistic interactions obtained from chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT). In particular, we quantify the finite precision of theoretical predictions that can be attributed to nuclear physics uncertainties. We study both the convergence of the solution of the many-body problem (meth...

We show how two apparently unrelated research areas, namely, strong-field atomic physics and 229Th nuclear physics, are connected. The connection is possible due to the existence of a very low-lying excited state of the 229Th nucleus, which is only about 8 eV above the nuclear ground state. The connection is physically achieved through an electron recollision process, which is the core process of strong-field atomic physics. The laser-driven recolliding electron is able to excite the nucleus, and a simple model is presented to explain this recollision-induced nuclear excitation process. The co...

Bratislava is the capital and largest city of the Slovak Republic. In the Middle Ages, as a part of the Hungarian Empire, it became one of its centers of politics, culture, education and science. In 1467, the first university in the territory of the present Slovakia, named the Academia Istropolitana, was founded in the city of Bratislava. The name of the university was derived from the ancient name of the Danube River, Istros. In 1825 the Hungarian National Learned Society, which is the present Hungarian Academy of Sciences, was founded in Bra ti slava using a donation from count István Széche...

The Gamma Factory (GF) is an ambitious proposal, currently explored within the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders program, for a source of photons with energies up to ≈400 MeV and photon fluxes (up to ≈1017 photons s−1) exceeding those of the currently available gamma sources by orders of magnitude. The high‐energy (secondary) photons are produced via resonant scattering of the primary laser photons by highly relativistic partially‐stripped ions circulating in the accelerator. The secondary photons are emitted in a narrow cone and the energy of the beam can be monochromatized, down to 10−3–10−6 lev...

The Birmingham Cyclotron and associated facilities have an active programme of detector use and irradiation, ranging from nuclear physics and related applications to positron imaging and radiation damage studies. In 2022 a new high flux neutron source (HF-ADNeF) will be installed and commissioned, extending the present charged-particle studies to neutron physics and neutron damage. An overview of the Birmingham Cyclotron Facility is given along with details of the accelerator-driven neutron source. Several examples around detector testing, nuclear physics and positron imaging are outlined.

Heavy quarks have been instrumental for progress in our exploration of strong interactions. Quarkonium in particular, a heavy quark-antiquark nonrelativistic bound state, has been at the root of several revolutions. Quarkonium is endowed with a pattern of separated energy scales qualifying it as special probe of complex environments. Its multiscale nature has made a description in Quantum Field Theory particularly difficult up to the advent of nonrelativistic effective field theories. We will focus on systems made by two or more heavy quarks. After considering some historical approaches based on...

Vol. 31, No. 3, 2021, Nuclear Physics News Editor: Gabriele-Elisabeth Körner Editorial Board Angela Bracco, Milano (Chair) Richard Milner, MIT Rick Casten, Yale Eugenio Nappi, Bari Rolf-Dietmar Herzberg, Liverpool Klaus Peters, Darmstadt Rituparna Kanungo, Halifax Hermann Rothard, Caen Marek Lewitowicz, Caen (NuPECC Chair) Hideyuki Sakai, Tokyo Yu-Gang Ma, Shanghai Calin Ur, Bucharest Editorial Office: Physikdepartment, E12, Technische Universitat München, 85748 Garching, Germany, Tel: +49 89 2891 2293, +49 172 89 15011, Fax: +49 89 2891 2298, E-mail: sissy.koerner@ph.tum.de

This review analyzes subsets of AI, such as machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), and elaborates on their applications in NM imaging (NMI) physics, including the generation of attenuation maps, estimation of scattered events, depth of interaction (DOI), time of flight (TOF), NM image reconstruction (optimization of the reconstruction algorithm), and low dose imaging.

Abstract The nuclear fusion data for deuteron-triton resonance near 100 keV are found to be consistent with the selective resonant tunneling model. The feature of this selective resonant tunneling is the selectivity. It selects not only the energy level, but also the damping rate (nuclear reaction rate). When the Coulomb barrier is thin and low, the resonance selects the fast reaction channel; however, when the Coulomb barrier is thick and high, the resonance selects the slow reaction channel. This mechanism might open an approach toward fusion energy with no strong nuclear radiation.

Nuclear physics and nuclear reactors , Nuclear physics and nuclear reactors , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

The D-T fusion cross-section is calculated using quantum mechanics with the model of square nuclear potential well and Coulomb potential barrier.The agreement between ENDF data and the theoretically calculated results is well in the range of 0.2～280keV.It shows that the application of Breit-Wigner formula is not suitable for the case of the light nuclei fusion reaction.When this model is applied to the nuclear reaction between the charged particles confined in a lattice,it explains the "abnormal phenomena".It implies a prospect of nuclear fusion energy without strong nuclear radiations.

We discuss nuclear physics in the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model, in the limit of large number Nc of colors and large ’t Hooft coupling, with the addition of a finite mass for the quarks. Individual baryons are described by classical solitons whose size is much smaller than the typical distance in nuclear bound states, thus we can use the linear approximation to compute the interaction potential and provide a natural description for lightly bound states. We find the classical geometry of nuclear bound states for baryon numbers up to B = 8. The effect of the finite pion mass – induced by the quark...

The reduced-width amplitude, as a cluster overlap amplitude, is one important physical quantity for analyzing clustering in the nucleus depending on specified channels and has been calculated and applied widely in nuclear cluster physics. In this review, we briefly revisit the theoretical framework for calculating the reduced-width amplitude, as well as the outlines of cluster models to obtain the microscopic or semi-microscopic cluster wave functions. Besides, we also introduce recent progress related to the cluster overlap amplitudes, such as implementation for cross-section estimation and e...

It is argued that unlike the relativistic unparticle, the unnucleus is realized, to a good approximation, in nuclear reactions involving emission of a few neutrons, when the energy of the final-state neutrons in their center-of-mass frame lies in the range between about 0.1 MeV and 5 MeV.

The Physically Interpretable Machine Learning (PIML) approach incorporates knowledge of physics by using a physically motivated feature space in addition to a soft physics constraint that is implemented as a penalty to the loss function.

Nuclear Physics is the branch of physics that deals with the properties and structure of matter on the hadronic level. In this article we review briefly the history of this field, which has a major role in the development of our understanding of nature. We then proceed to give an outline of a current perspective of the field and of some of the issues that are now on its frontiers.

The outstanding achievements of the Department have rested in many ways on its ability to develop state-of-the art accelerator and detector facilities with modest resources and staff, and to operate these continuously and reliably. The result has been a record of competitive research in physics for an unbroken period of over 40 years. This is a tribute to the skill, dedication and foresight of technical staff (Tony Brinkley, John Harrison, Cliff Hill and Gerald Clarkson to name a few of the old guard) and academic staff (particularly Trevor Ophel), who have striven to establish and maintain an...

The rapid development of the knowledge of artificial radioactivity and in particular the production of such radioactivity by neutron bombardment is discussed.

Nuclear physics started in 1894 with the discovery of the radioactivity of uranium by A. H. Becquerel. Marie and Pierre Curie investigated this phenomenon in detail: to their astonishment they found that raw uranium ore was far more radioactive than the refined uranium from the chemist’s store. By chemical methods, they could separate (and name) several new elements from the ore which were intensely radioactive: radium (Z588), polonium (Z584), a gas they called emanation (Z 586) (radon), and even a form of lead (Z582). Ernest Rutherford, at McGill University in Montreal, studied the radiation ...

Nuclear Physics is the branch of physics that deals with the properties and structure of matter on the hadronic level. In this article we review briefly the history of this field, which has a major role in the development of our understanding of nature. We then proceed to give an outline of a current perspective of the field and of some of the issues that are now on its frontiers.

The Jožef Stefan Institute was founded in 1949 as the Institute of Physics, primarily devoted to research on nuclear energy. Later, as its research areas expanded, it became the Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI). It is named after the distinguished 19th-century physicist, Jožef Stefan (see Figure 1), famous for his work on the Stefan-Boltzmann law of black-body radiation. JSI is the leading Slovenian scientific research institute, covering a broad spectrum of basic and applied research. The staff of around 1000 specializes in natural sciences, life sciences, and engineering. Modern research areas i...

In the introductory physics course, conducting experiments and learning topics that seem abstract using a PhET virtual laboratory is necessary. With several previous research results showing that PhET has benefits in learning activities, this study aims to find out Physics Education students related to the usefulness of the PhET virtual laboratory in the introductory alpha decay Nuclear physics course. This research is a quantitative descriptive technique with the research variable of the Colorado PhET virtual laboratory in the Introduction to Nuclear Physics course on alpha decay material. Th...

A major task in experimental nuclear astrophysics is the measurement of cross sections of capture reactions. In the last years, the astrophysics group of NCSR “ Demokritos ” developed and used a method for conducting this kind of research using a 4 π NaI γ -detector [1]. Of great importance in this method is the determination of the efficiency of the detector, which depends on the average multiplicity of the γ -cascade de-exciting the entry state of the produced nucleus. Two new experimental setups have been studied and are in course of installation at the Tandem Laboratory of the Institute of...

Physicists apply medical physics for the assessment and monitoring of the safety of staff and patients involved in radiation therapy, with electromagnetism offering support in neural engineering, signal analysis, quantum electronics, and in studying the nervous system.

The future nuclear physics research capabilities for scientists from Belarus are discussed. The following branches for the activity: megascience class research platforms created in Russia and the European Union, a new generation of ionizing radiation sources, use of the world nuclear science network for short-term research and, monitoring of nuclear power plants are debated. The purposes of nuclear physics research are suggested to be a balanced combining of the further penetration deep into the matter, to clarify its status and time evolution and, the routine activity associated with clarifyi...

Here are the texts of 18 papers given at the ‘Indo–French Workshop on Multifragmentation, Collective Flow and Sub-Threshold Particle Production in Heavy Ion Collisions’, which was held in February ...

New modifications that have been used at the analytical nuclear-physics complex (ANPC) Sokil in recent years are described. They concerned an ion accelerator with an increase in the energy of accelerated ions and the separation of 4He 2+ and H2+ beams. A system for irradiating materials science samples with a beam of gas ions with the possibility of choosing the irradiated target space has been created. The use of electrostatic beam deflection made it possible to increase the service life of the foil for beam release into the atmosphere. The use of a pyrocarbon filter in the analysis of monoel...

The 17th International Nuclear Physics Divisional Conference of the European Physical Society, “Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics,” was held in Debrecen, Hungary from September 30 to October 4,2002. This conference was originally planned to take place in Eilat, Israel in 2001, but was moved to Debrecen because of security considerations. Many of the topics and much of the program were similar to those planned for the Eilat meeting. The main objective of the conference was to deal with all those subjects of nuclear physics that impact astrophysics and are an essential input in the understanding o...

The Trojan Horse Method (THM) represents an indirect path to determine the bare nucleus astrophysical S-factor for reactions among charged particles at astrophysical energies. This is achieved by measuring the quasi-free cross section of a suitable three-body process. The method is also suited to study neutron-induced reactions, especially in the case of radioactive ion beams. A comprehensive review of the theoretical as well as experimental features behind the THM is presented here. An overview is given of some recent applications to demonstrate the method's practical use for reactions that h...

Nuclear Data Production System (NDPS), a fast neutron facility for nuclear science and applications, was constructed at the Rare Isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments (RAON) in Korea. NDPS is designed to provide both white and quasi-monoenergetic neutrons using 98 MeV deuteron and 20 – 83 MeV proton beams with thick graphite and thin lithium targets, respectively. Neutron energy is determined by employing the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) technique, along with a pulsed deuteron (or proton) beam with a repetition rate of less than 200 kHz. Fast neutrons are produced in the target room and ...

The phenomena of optical Abstract The phenomena of optical bistability, hysteresis and memory under the interaction of oppositely directed (OD) light waves in a CW YAG:Nd^" solid state ring laser (SRL) have been experimentally discovered. The possibilities of spontaneous or forced (with modulated SRL parameters) commutation of the radiation direction without transients at the relaxa­ tion frequency (typical for solid state lasers) have been established both in the single- mode and in the mode-locking regimes with various feedback circuits. The mode-locking band was found to be substantially br...

The main ideas for creating a project for an accelerator complex with an energy of up to 550 MeV with a continuous electron beam for work in high energy physics and nuclear physics are presented. Schematic solutions for injectors, high-frequency system of the complex and magnetic elements are chosen. The choice of the magneto-optical scheme of the recirculator is substantiated. The dynamics of the beam in the facility and the parameters of the extracted beam are studied.

This report discusses research in nuclear physics. Topics covered in this paper are: symmetry principles; nuclear astrophysics; nuclear structure; quark-gluon plasma; quantum chromodynamics; symmetry breaking; nuclear deformation; and cold fusion. (LSP)

The successful description of nuclei in terms of nucleons, deltas and mesons provides an enormous challenge to QCD. It compels us to pursue our theoretical understanding of chromodynamics into the realm of multiple color singlets in order to examine the concept of color saturation. To pursue this theme, we examine the idea of nuclear transparency in the light of models for confinement and describe the formulation of lattice simulations sensitive to exchange forces. 22 refs., 7 figs.

Multiple scattering formal theory of nuclear reactions elastic and inelastic scattering transfer reactions multistep reactions heavy ions high energy nuclear phenomena pion and kaon interactions with nuclei.

The current methods in nuclear mechanics and mechanobiology are reviewed, placing specific emphasis on each of their unique advantages and limitations, and important considerations in selecting a new methodology as are demonstrated by recent examples from the literature.

This is a concise introduction to the topic of nonextensive Tsallis statistics meant especially for those interested in its relation to high-energy proton–proton, proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions. The three types of Tsallis statistics are reviewed. Only one of them is consistent with the fundamental hypothesis of equilibrium statistical mechanics. The single-particle distributions associated with it, namely Boltzmann, Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein, are derived. These are not equilibrium solutions to the conventional Boltzmann transport equation which must be modified in a rather n...