Top Research Papers on Nuclear Physics

The handbook offers valuable information on nuclear physics, unstable nuclei, and their exotic structures, which has been developed by RI beam technology.

The third edition of a classic book, Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics sets out in a clear and consistent manner the various elements of nuclear physics. Divided into four main parts: the constituents and characteristics of the nucleus; nuclear interactions, including the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces; an introduction to nuclear structure; and recent developments in nuclear structure research, the book delivers a balanced account of both theoretical and experimental nuclear physics for students studying the topic. In addition to the numerous revisions and updates to the pre...

Abstract The low-energy, long-lived isomer in 229 Th, first studied in the 1970s as an exotic feature in nuclear physics, continues to inspire a multidisciplinary community of physicists. It has stimulated innovative ideas and studies that expand the understanding of atomic and nuclear structure of heavy elements and of the interaction of nuclei with bound electrons and coherent light. Using the nuclear resonance frequency, determined by the strong and electromagnetic interactions inside the nucleus, it is possible to build a highly precise nuclear clock that will be fundamentally different fr...

Abstract The NUBASE2020 evaluation contains the recommended values of the main nuclear physics properties for all nuclei in their ground and excited, isomeric (T 1/2 100 ns) states. It encompasses all experimental data published in primary (journal articles) and secondary (mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings) references, together with the corresponding bibliographical information. In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide, trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclei were examined and estimated values are proposed. Evalu...

This Review gives a snapshot of nuclear physics research which has been transformed by machine learning techniques.

A snapshot of many applications by ML, especially for low- and intermediate-energy nuclear physics, which include topics on theoretical applications in nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, properties of nuclear matter, and experimental applications in event identification/reconstruction, complex system control, and firmware performance are presented.

The synthesis of alloys doped with a heavy element is proven to be a successful strategy to boost the shielding ability against ionizing radiation. In this paper, four compositions of Al-alloys doped with different weights of Pb are synthesised and studied for their physical features and nuclear radiation shielding characteristics. The produced samples are encoded as PbAl-1, PbAl-2, PbAl-3, and PbAl-4 for Pb content of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, respectively. The gamma shielding characteristics of the produced alloys are investigated via Monte Carlo technique, XCOM theory, and gamma transmission ...

In this study, glass systems were constructed according to the formula 34TeO2∙xBaO∙35B2O3∙(30-x)PbO∙1V2O5 (x=0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 mol%). The gamma, neutron, proton, and alpha shielding characteristics of the glasses were evaluated for nuclear security applications. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, and radiation protection efficiency (RPE) were experimentally measured in the energy range of 59.54–661.62 keV. In addition, the theoretical MAC values were determined. The exposure buildup factor, fast neutron removal cross section, m...

In the past few years, new observations of neutron stars and neutron-star\nmergers have provided a wealth of data that allow one to constrain the equation\nof state of nuclear matter at densities above nuclear saturation density.\nHowever, most observations were based on neutron stars with masses of about 1.4\nsolar masses, probing densities up to $\\sim$ 3-4 times the nuclear saturation\ndensity. Even higher densities are probed inside massive neutron stars such as\nPSR J0740+6620. Very recently, new radio observations provided an update to the\nmass estimate for PSR J0740+6620 and X-ray obse...

It is shown that TDP-43 nuclear efflux occurs in low-ATP conditions and independent of active mRNA export, consistent with export by passive diffusion through nuclear pore channels, and that the nuclear abundance of GU-rich intronic pre-mRNAs regulates TDP -43 nuclear sequestration and availability for passive nuclear export.

This work first summarizes original cytological observations before comparing concepts of nuclear compartments emerging from microscopy versus genomic approaches and then introducing new multiplexed imaging approaches that promise in the future to meld both approaches.

Abstract We review the current knowledge about nuclear star clusters (NSCs), the spectacularly dense and massive assemblies of stars found at the centers of most galaxies. Recent observational and theoretical works suggest that many NSC properties, including their masses, densities, and stellar populations, vary with the properties of their host galaxies. Understanding the formation, growth, and ultimate fate of NSCs, therefore, is crucial for a complete picture of galaxy evolution. Throughout the review, we attempt to combine and distill the available evidence into a coherent picture of NSC e...

Known signaling pathways between the mitochondria and the nucleus are discussed, the possibility of direct contacts is examined, and pathological consequences of an altered relationship are identified.

Comprehensive Nuclear Materials discusses the major classes of materials suitable for usage in nuclear fission, fusion reactors and high power accelerators, and for diverse functions in fuels, cladding, moderator and control materials, structural, functional, and waste materials. The work addresses the full panorama of contemporary international research in nuclear materials, from Actinides to Zirconium alloys, from the worlds' leading scientists and engineers. It critically reviews the major classes and functions of materials, supporting the selection, assessment, validation and engineering o...

We present a concise mini overview on the approaches to the disposal of nuclear waste currently used or deployed. The disposal of nuclear waste is the end point of nuclear waste management (NWM) activities and is the emplacement of waste in an appropriate facility without the intention to retrieve it. The IAEA has developed an internationally accepted classification scheme based on the end points of NWM, which is used as guidance. Retention times needed for safe isolation of waste radionuclides are estimated based on the radiotoxicity of nuclear waste. Disposal facilities usually rely on a mul...

Nuclear power can replace fossil fuels and will have a decisive impact on the change in the approach to conventional energy. However, nuclear (or radioactive) wastes are produced by the operation of the nuclear reactors should be safely and properly disposed of. This paper assesses the uranium resources and the global state of nuclear power plants and determines the energy mixes in different countries using the most nuclear energy. Furthermore, this paper analysed the nuclear waste management and disposal and the depletion of abiotic resources, and the primary energy sources of a basic product...

TALYS is a software package for the simulation of nuclear reactions below 200 MeV. It is used worldwide for the analysis and prediction of nuclear reactions and is based on state-of-art nuclear structure and nuclear reaction models. A general overview of the implemented physics and capabilities of TALYS is given. The general nuclear reaction mechanisms described are the optical model, direct reactions, compound nucleus model, pre-equilibrium reactions and fission. The most important nuclear structure models are those for masses, discrete levels, level densities, photon strength functions and f...

There has been much recent interest in nuclear fission, due in part to a new\nappreciation of its relevance to astrophysics, stability of superheavy\nelements, and fundamental theory of neutrino interactions. At the same time,\nthere have been important developments on a conceptual and computational level\nfor the theory. The promising new theoretical avenues were the subject of a\nworkshop held at the University of York in October 2019; this report summarises\nits findings and recommendations.\n

The mechanisms that maintain nuclear metabolic compartmentalization and the regulation of epigenetics, cell fate and cell physiology by nuclear metabolism are explored.

Cells generate and sense mechanical forces that trigger biochemical signals to elicit cellular responses that control cell fate changes. Mechanical forces also physically distort neighboring cells and the surrounding connective tissue, which propagate mechanochemical signals over long distances to guide tissue patterning, organogenesis, and adult tissue homeostasis. As the largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus is particularly sensitive to mechanical force and deformation. Nuclear responses to mechanical force include adaptations in chromatin architecture and transcriptional activity that...

An overview of PARPs in DNA repair is provided, highlighting recent studies on their role during DNA replication and in phase separation and the role of tankyrases in telomere maintenance and chromosome resolution.

This work uses Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), a highly efficient machine learning algorithm, to predict the masses of unknown nuclei and to explore the nuclear landscape on the neutron-rich side from learning the measured nuclear masses.

It is found that nuclear F-actin is polymerized in vivo in xenograft tumours after treatment with replication-stress-inducing chemotherapeutic agents, indicating that this pathway has a role in human disease.

Standards and guidelines for preparedness and response in the case of a nuclear accident cover radiation protection, health management and communication with affected populations. Decision makers use these recommendations to decide on measures that protect people residing around a nuclear power plant that suffers an accident from radiation exposure; for example, sheltering, evacuation and relocation. While technological and radiological criteria exist for these protective measures, studies on past radiological and nuclear emergencies have shown that evacuation and relocation result in serious ...

Physical activity and physical exercise are key factors to help the population to mitigate the effects that the current pandemic is causing on the mental and physical health of citizens worldwide.

Nuclear energy is considered an effective alternative to ensure global energy safety, and it has recently started to be promoted as a climate change mitigation solution to achieve low-carbon energy transition targets. Considering this view, this study aims to assess the environmental cost reduction by using nuclear energy efficiency and technological innovation from the prospects of the globalization process. Therefore, the relationship among carbon emissions, nuclear energy, globalization, and technological innovation was assessed in the top ten nuclear energy-consuming countries from 1990 to...

The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) is a proposal to create a cavern with the space and infrastructure to support a suite of far-forward experiments at the Large Hadron Collider during the High Luminosity era. Located along the beam collision axis and shielded from the interaction point by at least 100 m of concrete and rock, the FPF will house experiments that will detect particles outside the acceptance of the existing large LHC experiments and will observe rare and exotic processes in an extremely low-background environment. In this work, we summarize the current status of plans for the FPF,...

The 4th edition of this highly successful textbook features copious material for a complete upper-level undergraduate or graduate course, guiding readers to the point where they can choose a specialized topic and begin supervised research. The textbook provides an integrated approach beginning from the essential principles of solid-state and semiconductor physics to their use in various classic and modern semiconductor devices for applications in electronics and photonics. The text highlights many practical aspects of semiconductors: alloys, strain, heterostructures, nanostructures, amorphous ...

The future for social physics is bright, by comprehensively (but not exhaustively) reviewing the current state of the art of physics-inspired and physics-like work on societal problems, and paying respect to intellectual mavericks who nurtured the field to its maturity.

The nuclear-electronic orbital approach allows the incorporation of nuclear quantum effects and non-Born-Oppenheimer effects for specified nuclei into quantum chemistry calculations in an accessible and computationally efficient manner.

It is suggested that ML models of material constitutive relations in plasticity, damage, and even electronic and optical responses to radiation are likely to become powerful tools as they develop.

We review the current status and recent progress of microscopic many-body\napproaches and phenomenological models, which are employed to construct the\nequation of state of neutron stars. The equation of state is relevant for the\ndescription of their structure and dynamical properties, and it rules also the\ndynamics of core-collapse supernovae and binary neutron star mergers. We\ndescribe neutron star matter assuming that the main degrees of freedom are\nnucleons and hyperons, disregarding the appearance of quark matter. We compare\nthe theoretical predictions of the different equation-of-st...

The aim of this work is to establish a baseline level of understanding of the phytochemical properties of Histone and its role in Mammalian Spermatogenesis, and to clarify the role of histones in the regulation of Mammalian Protamines.

Overall, it is found that that nuclear counts, as well as the nuclei shape and organization, vary drastically both within and among species in this group of soil fungi.

The roles of nuclear envelope components in chromatin organization, phase separation and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation are summarized to guide a better understanding of pathological alterations in diseases and ageing.

The state-of-the-art architectures and their applications are reviewed, limitations are discussed, and future research opportunities are presented in terms of improving algorithms, considering causalities, expanding applications, and coupling scientific and deep learning solvers.

With increased awareness of climate change in recent years nuclear energy has received renewed attention. Positions that attribute nuclear energy an important role in climate change mitigation emerge. We estimate an upper bound of the CO2 saving potential of various nuclear energy growth scenarios, starting from our projection of nuclear generating capacity based on current national energy plans to scenarios that introduce nuclear energy as substantial instrument for climate protection. We then look at needed uranium resources. The most important result of the present work is that the contribu...

Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacks, no state has unleashed nuclear weapons. What explains this? According to the author, the answer lies in a prohibition inherent in the tradition of non-use, a time-honored obligation that has been adhered to by all nuclear states - thanks to a consensus view that use would have a catastrophic impact on humankind, the environment, and the reputation of the user. The book offers an in-depth analysis of the nuclear policies of the U.S., Russia, China, the UK, France, India, Israel, and Pakistan and assesses the contributions of these states to the rise and...

It is found that antineoplastic drugs become concentrated in specific protein condensates in vitro and that this occurs through physicochemical properties independent of the drug target, which suggests that selective partitioning and concentration of small molecules within condensate contributes to drug pharmacodynamics.

An emerging perspective on the mechanoregulation of the nucleus is discussed that considers the physical connections from chromatin to nuclear lamina and cytoskeletal filaments as a single mechanical unit and sheds new light on the dynamics of nuclear deformations and their roles in cellular mechanobiology.