Top Research Papers on Physics

Physical activity and physical exercise are key factors to help the population to mitigate the effects that the current pandemic is causing on the mental and physical health of citizens worldwide.

The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) is a proposal to create a cavern with the space and infrastructure to support a suite of far-forward experiments at the Large Hadron Collider during the High Luminosity era. Located along the beam collision axis and shielded from the interaction point by at least 100 m of concrete and rock, the FPF will house experiments that will detect particles outside the acceptance of the existing large LHC experiments and will observe rare and exotic processes in an extremely low-background environment. In this work, we summarize the current status of plans for the FPF,...

The 4th edition of this highly successful textbook features copious material for a complete upper-level undergraduate or graduate course, guiding readers to the point where they can choose a specialized topic and begin supervised research. The textbook provides an integrated approach beginning from the essential principles of solid-state and semiconductor physics to their use in various classic and modern semiconductor devices for applications in electronics and photonics. The text highlights many practical aspects of semiconductors: alloys, strain, heterostructures, nanostructures, amorphous ...

The future for social physics is bright, by comprehensively (but not exhaustively) reviewing the current state of the art of physics-inspired and physics-like work on societal problems, and paying respect to intellectual mavericks who nurtured the field to its maturity.

The state-of-the-art architectures and their applications are reviewed, limitations are discussed, and future research opportunities are presented in terms of improving algorithms, considering causalities, expanding applications, and coupling scientific and deep learning solvers.

This book is about the dark photon which is a new gauge boson whose existence has been conjectured. Due to its interaction with the ordinary, visible photon, such a particle can be experimentally detected via specific signatures. In this book, the authors review the physics of the dark photon from the theoretical and experimental point of view. They discuss the difference between the massive and the massless case, highlighting how the two phenomena arise from the same vector portal between the dark and the visible sector. A review of the cosmological and astrophysical observations is provided,...

Posttransplant exercise improves fitness, which is a conclusion based on 2 observational studies and 3 randomized trials that assessed endpoints of strength testing, energy expenditure in metabolic equivalents, and peak or maximal oxygen uptake.

Beneficial microbes, including probiotics, may promote health in athletes and enhance physical performance and exercise capacity and the modes of action behind their potential benefits are discussed.

Problems in theoretical physics often lead to paradoxical answers; yet closer reasoning and a more complete analysis invariably lead to the resolution of the paradox and to a deeper understanding of the physics involved. Drawing primarily from his own experience and that of his collaborators, Sir Rudolf Peierls selects examples of such from a wide range of physical theory, from quantum mechanical scattering theory to the theory of relativity, from irreversibility in statistical mechanics to the behavior of electrons in solids. By studying such surprises and learning what kind of possibilities ...

Definition of a plasma. Single-particle motion: Uniform fields. Static, non-uniform fields. Tune-dependent fields. Mappings. Plasmas as fluids: Fluid equations for a plasma. Relation between fluid equations and guiding-centre drifts. Single-fluid magnetohydrodynamics. Small-Larmor-radius approximation. Magnetohydrodynanmic equilibrium. Collisional processes in plasmas: Fully and partially ionized plasmas. Collisions in fully ionized plasmas. Diffusion in plasmas. The Fokker-Planck equation for Coulomb collisions. Collisions of beam ions in a plasma. Waves and instabilities in a fluid plasma: W...

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton LS detector\nat 700-m underground. An excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial\nvolume offer exciting opportunities for addressing many important topics in\nneutrino and astro-particle physics. With 6 years of data, the neutrino mass\nordering can be determined at 3-4 sigma and three oscillation parameters can be\nmeasured to a precision of 0.6% or better by detecting reactor antineutrinos.\nWith 10 years of data, DSNB could be observed at 3-sigma; a lower limit of the\nproton lifetime of 8.34e33 years (90% C.L.) can be ...

This book provides a thorough overview of mathematical physics, highlighting classical topics as well as recent developments.

The handbook offers valuable information on nuclear physics, unstable nuclei, and their exotic structures, which has been developed by RI beam technology.

Preface, Ljubisa R. Radovic A Realistic Approach to Disordered Carbons, Agnes Oberlin and Sylvie Bonnamy General Formulations Basic Structural Units (BSUs) as Elemental Bricks of the Disordered Carbons Heteroatom Contribution: From Disordered Materials to Graphite through Carbonization General Conclusions Appendix: Imaging of a Single Aromatic Layer Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Methods Applied to the Study of Carbon Materials, Jair C.C. Freitas, Alfredo G. Cunha, and Francisco G. Emmerich Introduction Background on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Practical Aspects of Solid-Sta...

This Perspective article provides a systematic explanation of why and how optics might be able to give speed or energy-efficiency benefits over electronics for computing, enumerating 11 features of optics that can be harnessed when designing an optical computer.

We study the imprints of new ultralight particles on the gravitational-wave signals emitted by binary black holes. Superradiant instabilities may create large clouds of scalar or vector fields around rotating black holes. The presence of a binary companion then induces transitions between different states of the cloud, which become resonantly enhanced when the orbital frequency matches the energy gap between the states. We find that the time dependence of the orbit significantly impacts the cloud's dynamics during a transition. Following an analogy with particle colliders, we introduce an S-ma...

Abstract The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, G...

This analysis is particularly timely since financial stability as well as recent innovations in climate finance, once properly analysed and understood in terms of complex network theory, can play a pivotal role in the transformation of the authors' society towards a more sustainable world.

In the late 1980s, the relationship between physical activity or exercise and aging was one of great contemporary interest. On the one hand there was a growing elderly population in industrialized societies seeking an active rather than a passive retirement, while on the other hand there was much current interest in the benefits to health of physical activity. The first edition of this book, published in 1978, was acknowledged as a major review of the field. In the years since its publication, however, there were many advances in our knowledge, made evident by the fact that this second edition...

Abstract The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, G...

Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenu...

Understanding the physics of heavy quarks gives physicists a unique opportunity to test the predictions of quantum chromodynamics and the Standard Model. This introductory text begins with a review of the Standard Model, followed by the basics of heavy quark spin-flavor symmetry and its application to the classification of states, decays and fragmentation. Heavy quark effective theory is then developed and applied to the study of hadron masses, form factors, and inclusive decay rates. The authors also discuss the application of chiral perturbation theory to heavy hadrons. Written by two world ...

Classical, Conformal and Topological Field Theory Classical Mechanics Condensed Matter Physics and Optics Differential Geometry Dirac Operators Dynamical Systems Fluid Dynamics Functional Analysis and Variational Techniques Gauge Theory General Relativity Integrable Systems Lie Groups and Lie Algebras Many Particle Systems Noncommutative Geometry Partial Differential Equations and ODEs Path Integrals and Functional Integrals Perturbation Theory Quantization Techniques Quantum Field Theory Quantum Gravity Quantum Groups Quantum Information and Computation Quantum Mechanics Renormalization Scatt...

The summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,717 new measurements from 869 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified The...

The focus is on the dynamical properties of viruses, the different physical virology techniques that are being used to study them, and the physical concepts that have been developed to describe viral dynamics.

The current review will focus on the health benefits of the two most widely studied modifiable lifestyle risk factors, physical activity and diet, focusing particularly on the Mediterranean diet.

Abstract Thermal physics deals with collections of large numbers of particles—typically 1023 or so. Examples include the air in a balloon, the water in a lake, the electrons in a chunk of metal, and the photons given off by the sun. We can't possibly follow every detail of the motions of so many particles. So in thermal physics we assume that these motions are random, and we use the laws of probability to predict how the material as a whole ought to behave. Alternatively, we can measure the bulk properties of a material, and from these infer something about the particles it is made of. This bo...

The development of physical unclonable functions, which exploit inherent randomness to give a physical entity a unique ‘fingerprint’ or trust anchor, are reviewed, considering the various potential applications of these devices and the security issues that they must confront.

Physical Chemistry provides a comprehensive overview of this topic. It starts off with looking into the properties of gases. It then covers the First, Second, and Third Laws. Next it looks into physical transformations of pure substances, simple mixtures, and chemical equilibrium. The text also considers quantum theory, atomic structure and spectra, molecular structure, molecular symmetry, and molecular spectroscopy. There follows a chapter about magnetic resonance. The text then looks at statistical thermodynamics. The last quarter of the book considers molecular interactions, solids, molecul...

This book assesses the landscape of physical education today and the issues that shape it as a curriculum subject, particularly in the era of COVID-19. It explores the processes of transformation and change that follow government policy and considers what this means for physical education practitioners in schools.

A review is given on the foundations and applications of non-Hermitian classical and quantum physics. First, key theorems and central concepts in non-Hermitian linear algebra, including Jordan normal form, biorthogonality, exceptional points, pseudo-Hermiticity, and parity-time symmetry, are delineated in a pedagogical and mathematically coherent manner. Building on these, we provide an overview of how diverse classical systems, ranging from photonics, mechanics, electrical circuits, and acoustics to active matter, can be used to simulate non-Hermitian wave physics. In particular, we discuss r...

Preface. Acknowledgments. Dedication. Glossary. 1. Volcanic Systems. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Styles of Volcanic Eruptions. 1.3 Volcanic Systems. 1.4 The Structure and Aims of this Book. 1.5 Further Reading. 1.6 Questions to Think About. 2. Magma Generation and Segregation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Rock Melting Mechanisms. 2.3 Volcanism and Plate Tectonics. 2.4 Melting and Melt Segregation in the Mantle. 2.5 Summary. 2.6 Further Reading. 2.7 Questions to Think About. 3. Magma Migration. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Diapiric Rise of Melt. 3.3 The Change from Diapir Rise to Dike Formation. 3.4 Dike Propagati...

The authors provide a conceptual framework and discuss the origins of these distinct physical traits of cancer and how they enable and synergize with aberrant cancer biology to fuel cancer initiation, progression, immune evasion, and treatment resistance.

This book introduces the concepts of physical chemistry of polymers in a format targeted for a blended-learning approach. It provides a basis to bridge polymer chemistry, which targets microscopic chain structures, and polymer engineering, which targets macroscopic material properties and functions. Topics covered are single chain statistics, multi-chain interactions, and chain dynamics, both from a viewpoint of structure, properties (mostly mechanical ones), and their interrelation. In all that, the author encourages the reader to think conceptually. Explains complex facts through simplifying...

This concise volume presents an overview of mathematical physics & generalized functions, an in-depth study of the "generalized" differential equation.

A meticulous and systematic attempt at organizing and standardizing the methods of combining ML and MB models as hybrid learning methods and shedding some light on the challenges of hybrid models.

Physical properties of plant and animal materials :structure, physical characteristics, and mechanical properties , Physical properties of plant and animal materials :structure, physical characteristics, and mechanic... , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Like its predecessor, this book by the renowned physicist Sir Rudolf Peierls draws from many diverse fields of theoretical physics to present problems in which the answer differs from what our intuition had led us to expect. In some cases an apparently convincing approximation turns out to be misleading; in others a seemingly unmanageable problem turns out to have a simple answer. Peierls's intention, however, is not to treat theoretical physics as an unpredictable game in which such surprises happen at random. Instead he shows how in each case careful thought could have prepared us for the ou...

Using nanofiltration membranes for the recovery of phosphorous with a second type of technology for the production of nitrogen is suggest to be a viable process.

What the authors know and what they need to learn about the science underlying these issues so that they are better prepared to tackle the next outbreak of COVID-19 or a similar disease are summarized.