Top Research Papers on Thermodynamics

It is demonstrated that the economic value of any object produced by the humankind or any human activity can be considered as a form of energy and obeys the laws of energy systems, and many similarities between thermodynamics and economic/monetary dynamics have been found.

To describe the nonequilibrium states of the system, a new thermodynamic parameter - system lifetime - is introduced. Statistical distributions that describe the behavior of energy and lifetime are recorded. Entropy and obtained thermodynamic relations are compared with the results of Extended Irreversible thermodynamics, where as an additional parameter selected fluxes. For the case of thermal conductivity explicit expressions are obtained for average lifetime and conjugate thermodynamic quantity. It is shown that near the equilibrium state, when is only one stationary nonequilibrium state, f...

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Chemical engineering thermodynamics is an important science and methodology to study chemical production process.How do we use this science to analyze some issues in a chemical production? We should nationally utilize the function relations in thermodynamics,familiarly master the effects on reference state of values on the thermodynamics functions,and suitably define the characteristics of thermodynamics system to discuss and study some real problems in a chemical production.

Fundamentals: Important property relations start from the first and second Tds equations: du dv P ds T = − (1) dh dP v ds T = + (2) We define now two additional properties, the Helmholtz function a and the Gibbs function g: s T u a − ≡ (3) s T h g − ≡ (4) Taking differentials in Eqs. (3) and (4) and using expressions (1) and (2) we can write: dT s dv P da − − = (5) dT s dP v dg − = (6) Eqs. (1), (2), (5) and (6) are called gibbsian equations. If we apply the test for exactness to these equations we obtain the Maxwell relations: v s s P v

1 Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics 2 Heat, Work, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 3 The Importance of State Functions: Internal Energy and Enthalpy 4 Thermochemistry 5 Entropy and the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics 6 Chemical Equilibrium 7 The Properties of Real Gases 8 Phase Diagrams and the Relative Stability of Solids, Liquids, and Gases 9 Ideal and Real Solutions 10 Electrolyte Solutions 11 Electrochemical Cells, Batteries, and Fuel Cells 12 Probability 13 The Boltzmann Distribution 14 Ensemble and Molecular Partition Functions 15 Statistical Th...

Abstract A short introduction on quantum thermodynamics is given and three new topics are discussed. (1) Maximal work extraction from a finite quantum system. The thermodynamic prediction fails and a new, general result is derived, the ‘ergotropy’. (2) In work extraction from two-temperature set-ups, the presence of correlations can push the effective efficiency beyond the Carnot bound. (3) In the presence of level crossing, non-slow changes may be more optimal than slow ones.

Bioenergetics is concerned with the energy conservation and conversion processes in a living cell, particularly in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This review summarizes the role of thermodynamics in understanding the coupling between the chemical reactions and the transport of substances in bioenergetics. Thermodynamics has the advantages of identifying possible pathways, providing a measure of the efficiency of energy conversion, and of the coupling between various processes without requiring a detailed knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. In the last five decades, various new ap...

В обзоре приведены результаты подробного анализа роли изохорной теплоемкости, как ключевого термодинамического свойства вещества, в исследовании критических и сверхкритических явлений. Приводится краткая историческая справка о роли и вкладе научных школ России в экспериментальное исследование изохорной теплоемкости в критической области при разработке не классической (скейлинговой) теории, которая коренным образом изменила наши представлении о физической природе критических и сверхкритических явлений. Подробно анализируется наблюдаемое в эксперименте поведение изохорной теплоемкости и других с...

For a large class of nonequilibrium systems, thermodynamic notions like work, heat, and, in particular, entropy production can be identified on the level of fluctuating dynamical trajectories. Within stochastic thermodynamics various fluctuation theorems relating these quantities have been proven. Their application to experimental systems requires that all relevant mesostates are accessible. Recent advances address the typical situation that only partial, or coarse-grained, information about a system is available. Thermodynamic inference as a general strategy uses consistency constraints deriv...

The algebraic theory of thermodynamics developed in a previous paper is extended to include the algebraic structure that arises from the introduction of a physical body into the theory. The extension is based on very general definitions of both the thermodynamic states of a body and subsystems of that body. The algebraic analysis, which includes bodies in nonuniform states, shows that the set of all thermodynamic states of a body has the same algebraic structure as the set of thermodynamic states and that composite systems are induced by the algebraic structure of thermodynamic states. The ana...

1. Fundamental Concepts. 2. Equations of State. 3. The First Law of Thermodynamics. 4. Some Consequences of the First Law. 5. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. 6. Combined First and Second Laws. 7. Thermodynamic Potentials. 8. Applications of Thermodynamics to Simple Systems. 9. Kinetic Theory. 10. Intermolecular Forces: Transport Phenomena. 11. Statistical Thermodynamics. 12. Applications of Statistics to Gases. 13. Applications of Quantum Statistics to Other Systems. Appendices.

This work provides a thermodynamic algorithm for exponentiating a real matrix and introduces the concept of thermodynamic parallelism to explain this speedup, stating that thermodynamic noise provides a resource leading to effective parallelization of computations.

This contribution applies Landsberg's theory of temperature-dependent energy levels to describe the progressive thermalization of small systems as their spectrum is perturbed by a heat bath and proposes a mechanism whereby the small system undergoes a discrete series of excitations and isentropic spectrum adjustments leading to a final state of thermal equilibrium.

Under reasonable assumptions, asymptotic speedups for Thermodynamic AI algorithms are rigorously established, relative to digital methods, that scale linearly in dimension.

Three different neural network algorithms to calculate thermodynamic properties as well as dynamic correlation functions at finite temperatures for quantum lattice models using minimally entangled states are presented.

It is suggested that micelles of these nonionic surfactants have a heterogeneous inner structure consisting of ethylene oxide and octylphenyl moieties, and the structure is thus broken around the Co(NCS)(4)(2-) complex with weak hydrogen-bonding ability.

Negative Expansion Coe cient of Water (4A20.30) -a 2 liter ask of colored water with a glass tube inserted through the stopper is kept in a bath of ice water until the temperature of the water in the ask has fallen to 0° C. The water level in the vertical tube is noted, and the ask and tube are removed from the ice bath. As the temperature of the ask water rises above 0° C, the water level in the tube drops until the water has warmed to about 4° C, the temperature of maximum density, then begins to rise. Demonstrates why ice oats, and always forms at the top surface of the water.

Detailed investigations of phase equilibrium in the CeBr 3 -MBr (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) systems was conducted by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). CeBr 3 -LiBr and CeBr 3 -NaBr are simple eutectic systems. CeBr 3 -KBr is characterized by two congruently melting compounds, namely K 3 CeBr 6 and K 2 CeBr 5 , and three eutectics. K 3 CeBr 6 forms at 775 K and melts congruently at 879 K. K 2 CeBr 5 melts congruently at 874 K. CeBr 3 -RbBr exhibits two eutectics, one congruently melting Rb 3 CeBr 6 compound (formation at 614 K, solid-solid phase transition at 695 K and melting at 966 K) and two co...

Negative Expansion Coe cient of Water (4A20.30) -a 2 liter ask of colored water with a glass tube inserted through the stopper is kept in a bath of ice water until the temperature of the water in the ask has fallen to 0° C. The water level in the vertical tube is noted, and the ask and tube are removed from the ice bath. As the temperature of the ask water rises above 0° C, the water level in the tube drops until the water has warmed to about 4° C, the temperature of maximum density, then begins to rise. Demonstrates why ice oats, and always forms at the top surface of the water.

The existing correlation between the extensive properties, ΔH and ΔS, the enthalpy and entropy difference between liquid and crystal phases has been checked to relate metallic glasses to other classes of amorphous materials. Expressing the specific heat difference,  C p , of molten and crystalline metallic glass-formers as a function of temperature with different functional trends, parametric expressions of fragility are derived using relevant temperatures for alloys. It is shown that relationships between the  S g /  C p,g ratio and such temperatures are useful to estimate unknown quantiti...

Excess molar enthalpies, Em H , at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa have been measured by means of a Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter for the systems benzylamine (phenylmethanamine) + heptane, or + methanol, or + 1-propanol, or + 1-pentanol, or + 1-heptanol, or + 1-decanol. In addition, excess molar volumes, E m V , at the same conditions have been also determined using a densimeter Anton Paar model DSA 5000 for the benzylamine + heptane mixture. The E m H of this solution is large and positive since at 298.15 K the system temperature is close to its upper critical solution temperature. Thus, systems with n -...

Negative Expansion Coe cient of Water (4A20.30) -a 2 liter ask of colored water with a glass tube inserted through the stopper is kept in a bath of ice water until the temperature of the water in the ask has fallen to 0° C. The water level in the vertical tube is noted, and the ask and tube are removed from the ice bath. As the temperature of the ask water rises above 0° C, the water level in the tube drops until the water has warmed to about 4° C, the temperature of maximum density, then begins to rise. Demonstrates why ice oats, and always forms at the top surface of the water.

COURSE OUTLINE : This course is intended for final year BSc (in Chemistry) as well as for MSc (in Chemistry) and PhD (in Chemistry) students and it is assumed that no previous knowledge of the subject is required. Moreover, this course demonstrates the form physical and statistical basis of thermodynamics by showing how the properties of macroscopic systems are direct consequences of the behaviors of their elementary constituents. Thus this course will give the students a broader spectrum of skills as well as a better understanding of the physical bases.

Negative Expansion Coe cient of Water (4A20.30) -a 2 liter ask of colored water with a glass tube inserted through the stopper is kept in a bath of ice water until the temperature of the water in the ask has fallen to 0° C. The water level in the vertical tube is noted, and the ask and tube are removed from the ice bath. As the temperature of the ask water rises above 0° C, the water level in the tube drops until the water has warmed to about 4° C, the temperature of maximum density, then begins to rise. Demonstrates why ice oats, and always forms at the top surface of the water.

A large number of textbooks and articles on thermodynamics, and classical or quantum physics claim that thermodynamics is a statistical theory applicable only to systems consisting of very large numbers of particles in thermodynamic equilibrium states, entropy is defined as a measure of ultimate disorder and not as a physical property of the system, and disorder is defined as representing motions of particles with different velocities both in values and in directions. The purpose of this article is to show and emphasize once more that none of these claims is valid for the following reasons: Th...

Negative Expansion Coe cient of Water (4A20.30) -a 2 liter ask of colored water with a glass tube inserted through the stopper is kept in a bath of ice water until the temperature of the water in the ask has fallen to 0° C. The water level in the vertical tube is noted, and the ask and tube are removed from the ice bath. As the temperature of the ask water rises above 0° C, the water level in the tube drops until the water has warmed to about 4° C, the temperature of maximum density, then begins to rise. Demonstrates why ice oats, and always forms at the top surface of the water.

The teaching of thermodynamics in physics courses at sixth-form level involves many difficulties. This article offers suggestions concerning the contents of such courses and the presentation of some of the more important ideas. It is hoped that these suggestions may help teachers to avoid some of the more common pitfalls in the treatment of this subject, without any radical departure from the conventional syllabus.

This review presents the current parameter set available for making accurate DNA structure predictions and also points to future directions for improvement.

Negative Expansion Coe cient of Water (4A20.30) -a 2 liter ask of colored water with a glass tube inserted through the stopper is kept in a bath of ice water until the temperature of the water in the ask has fallen to 0° C. The water level in the vertical tube is noted, and the ask and tube are removed from the ice bath. As the temperature of the ask water rises above 0° C, the water level in the tube drops until the water has warmed to about 4° C, the temperature of maximum density, then begins to rise. Demonstrates why ice oats, and always forms at the top surface of the water.

A system can be driven out of equilibrium by both time-dependent and nonconservative forces, which gives rise to a decomposition of the dissipation into two nonnegative components, called the excess and housekeeping entropy productions. We derive thermodynamic uncertainty relations for the excess and housekeeping entropy. These can be used as tools to estimate the individual components, which are in general difficult to measure directly. We introduce a decomposition of an arbitrary current into housekeeping and excess parts, which provide lower bounds on the respective entropy production. Furt...

Using recently developed consistent and robust first order relativistic hydrodynamics of a dissipative fluid we propose a generalization but weak version of Tolman-Ehrenfest relation and Klein's law on a general background spacetime. These relations are appeared to be a consequence of thermal equilibrium state of the fluid, defined by the absence of heat flux. We interpret them as the defining relations for the local temperature and chemical potential of the fluid. The validity of usual Tolman-Ehrenfest relation and Klein's law deeply depends on the existence of a global timelike Killing vecto...

where he and his students study the theory and practice of network and system administration. He served as Program Chair of LISA '02 and was a recipient of the 2003 SAGE Outstanding Achievement Award for contributions to the theory of system administration. He currently serves as Secretary of the USENIX Board of Directors. ways to transform the question " Why does this fail? " into the related question " Is this fast enough? " Fellow system administrators, do you find yourself troubleshooting systems more and enjoying it less? Do you spend most of your time correcting the " same old problems "...

This paper points out that treating solids as incompressible implies that they are also 'inexpansible' and demonstrates the connection between incompressibility and thermal inexpansibility by the microscopic argument.

The energy and entropy functions have been defined in terms of differential quantities, with the result that the absolute values could not be known. We have used the difference in the values of the thermodynamic functions between two states and, in determining these differences, the process of integration between limits has been used. In so doing we have avoided the use or requirement of integration constants. The many studies concerning the possible determination of these constants have culminated in the third law of thermodynamics . We can obtain a concept of the problem by referring to the ...

Thermodynamic activities of gallium were measured between 1073 and 1 273 K in the nonstoichiometric intermetallic compound Ni3Ga using an emf-method based on solid oxygen-conducting electrolytes. The partial molar enthalpies and entropies were derived from their dependence on temperature. The results of the activity measurements were interpreted in terms of a statistical-thermodynamic model for nonstoichiometric phases with the cubic Ll2-superstructure considering four types of point defects, i. e- antistructure atoms and vacancies on the nickel- and gallium-sublattice. The enerpies of formati...

Two thermodynamic processes, an adiabatic gas compression and an isothermal gas compression, taking place in a moving lab are analysed using a four-vector fundamental equation, dE μ = δ W μ + δ Q μ , a relativistic generalization of the first law of thermodynamics dE = δ W + δ Q. These processes are first described in frame S, with the lab at rest, and then in frame S¯ , moving with constant velocity relative to S. This formalism shows that Lorentz transformation preserves the principle of relativity in thermodynamics. The physical meaning of the norm of a four-vector is analysed, and Clausius...

Abstract Quantum thermodynamics describes dynamic processes by means of the operators of entropy production P and time t. P and t do not commute. It exists the non-vanishing t–P commutator [t, P]=ik. Here the Boltzmann constant k has the physical meaning of a quantum of entropy. The t–P commutator immediately leads us to the t–P uncertainty relation ΔtΔP≥k/2. Hence the observables t and P are not sharply defined simultaneously. Similar uncertainty relations can also be expected for other pairs of conjugate variables with products of the physical meaning of an entropy. The free energy F and the...

espanolSe presenta una discusion sobre las diferentes definiciones de la Termodinamica que pueden encontrarse en los libros de texto. Los puntos en comun asi como las principales diferencias se analizan en el contexto de su presentacion en el inicio de un curso introductorio. De igual forma se discuten los criterios utilizados para presentar una adecuada definicion de la Termodinamica que sea de utilidad en el desarrollo de su ensenanza. EnglishThere is an analysis of the different textbook definitions of thermodynamics. The common points and main differences are analyzed in the context of the...

The influence of Einstein on statistical thermodynamics is illustrated by considering, from both the historical and a modern point of view, the relativistic transformation of thermodynamic quantities.

This keynote will outline a novel conceptual framework of an emerging theory, Quantum Thermodynamics, and illustrate its applicability, mindset, and questions with a few pedagogical examples.

We further develop the strong-coupling theory of thermodynamics and stochastic thermodynamics for continuous systems, constructed in the previous work [Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 013015 (2022)2643-156410.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.013015]. A small system strongly interacting with a its environment, the dynamics of the system is assumed to be much slower than that of the bath. The system Hamiltonian is defined to be the Hamiltonian of mean force, whereas the system entropy is defined as the Gibbs-Shannon entropy. Equilibrium ensemble theories and thermodynamic theories are established for the system. Varia...

The stability of a colloid has been treated in terms of repulsion by electric charge and attraction by cohesion of particles, but colloid particles are v-times larger in volume-size than the solvent molecules. v is as large as 103-6 and the molar energy of cohesion H/v is negligibly small compared with the electric repulsion energy Wel/v. Cohesion acts over the distance of 1—5 A or only at the contact point. H does not increase with v, contrary to the DLVO theory. The molar energy of sedimentation Wsed/v is taken as an influential factor for the stability of a colloid of large particles. It is...

An analogy has been drawn between black hole physics and thermodynamics. In this paper the analogy is mathematically broadened. Equations similar to the standard partial differential relations of thermodynamics are found for black holes. The results can be used to supplement an undergraduate thermodynamics course.

The thermodynamic equation includes basic thermodynamic equations, the thermodynamic state equations, and Gibbs-Helmholtz equations. In this paper, we derived the other thermodynamic state equations which are rarely mentioned in physical chemistry teaching materials. At the same time, we emphasized the systematic characteristics and the completeness of the thermodynamic theory. Furthermore, the application of surface chemistry was concluded from the first Gibbs-Helmholtz equations. Finally, we emphasized the relations between the characteristic variables and the reaction conditions.

By constructing a nonlinear model, the relationship between thermodynamic stability and dynamical stability in classical irreversible thermodynamics is investigated. It will be proven that the thermodynamic equilibrium state is thermodynamically stable if it is dynamically asymptotically stable.

Abstract In many cases polymerization proceeds under conditions of equilibrium between polymer and monomer. In some cases an initiator enters into the polymerization equilibria. A general theory of equilibrium polymerization was originally developed by Tobolsky in a long series of papers [1–6]. The particular approach used in the treatment presented here is that developed by Tobolsky and Eisenberg [5].

The influence of Einstein on statistical thermodynamics is illustrated by considering, from both the historical and a modern point of view, the relativistic transformation of thermodynamic quantities.

We develop a Lindblad framework for quantum stochastic thermodynamics to study the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of open quantum systems. Our approach adopts the local quantum detailed balance condition, ensuring thermodynamic consistency and leading to a joint fluctuation theorem of quantum work and heat. Instead of solving the full evolution of the density matrix, we employ an effective parametrization to derive the full counting statistics of work and heat and determine the optimal protocols. As an application, we refine the quantum Brownian motion master equation to ensure the quantum deta...