Top Research Papers on Water Quality

Water quality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of different water quality parameters and communicates water quality information to the public and legislative decision makers. In spite of absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality, some countries have used and are using aggregated water quality data in the development of water quality indices. Attempts have been ma...

This study is based on hydrogeochemical and biological parameters and calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI) to assess water quality of a rural tract in five districts of Garhwal and Kumaon district of Uttarakhand, India. The drinking water quality parameters are pH, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Iron (Fe), Chloride (Cl), Fluoride (F), Dissolved Solids (TDS), Sulphate (SO4), Nitrate (NO3), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Arsenic (As), conductivity, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and Total Residual Chlorine. It was observed that the physicochemical properties were as per BIS standards ...

The water quality index (WQI) model is a popular tool for evaluating surface water quality. It uses aggregation techniques that allow conversion of extensive water quality data into a single value or index. Globally, the WQI model has been applied to evaluate water quality (surface water and groundwater) based on local water quality criteria. Since its development in the 1960s, it has become a popular tool due to its generalised structure and ease-of-use. Commonly, WQI models involve four consecutive stages; these are (1) selection of the water quality parameters, (2) generation of sub-indices...

Overall, aquatic ecosystem integrity remains acutely at risk across Europe, signaling the demand for continued improvements in environmental quality assessments.

Human life comes to a standstill as many countries shut themselves off from the work due to the novel coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) that hit the world severely in the first quarter of 2020. All types of industries, vehicle movement, and people's activity suddenly halted, perhaps for the first time in modern history. For a long time, it has been stated in various literature that the increased industrialization and anthropogenic activities in the last two decades polluted the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Since the industries and people's activities have been shut off for a m...

Surface water quality modelling has become an important means of better understanding aquatic and riparian ecosystem processes at all scales, from the micro-scale (e [...]

It is demonstrated that deep learning methods can help address data scarcity by filling temporal and spatial gaps and aid in formulating and testing hypotheses via identifying influential drivers of water quality.

The results demonstrated that the water quality status of the MR of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China has been steadily maintained at an "excellent" level during the monitoring period, and the proposed WQImin model is a useful and efficient tool to evaluate and manage the waterquality.

Here, we present an improved water quality index (WQI) model for assessment of coastal water quality using Cork Harbour, Ireland, as the case study. The model involves the usual four WQI components – selection of water quality indicators for inclusion, sub-indexing of indicator values, sub-index weighting and sub-index aggregation – with improvements to make the approach more objective and data-driven and less susceptible to eclipsing and ambiguity errors. The model uses the machine learning algorithm, XGBoost, to rank and select water quality indicators for inclusion based on relative importa...

This study aims at assessment the water quality condition in the rivers of Lake Chaohu Basin (LCB), and exploring the crucial parameters affecting its water quality. Four sampling activities were conducted seasonally from April to December in 2018 at 83 sites covering main rivers of LCB. We measured 15 physicochemical parameters, such as turbidity (tur), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and permanganate index (CODMn). There were significant differences of the 15 environmental parameters (except T) on spatial level, and three significant groups (i.e., Group I, II, and I...

Abstract The Doyang River of Wokha district, Nagaland, NE India, has a strong economic and traditional attachment to the local people. It provides sufficient fertile plains and slopes for cultivation, good grounds for community fishing and hunting. It is not only important for the people of Wokha but also for the state of Nagaland because of the rich natural resources it provides. This study was conducted to assess the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Doyang River from eight selected sampling stations. Maximum WQI values were recorded during monsoon season in all the stations followed by pre-m...

Abstract This research aims at using a combined water quality index (WQI) and pollution index (PI) to assess and characterize river water quality of Cau River which is one of the longest rivers in the north of Vietnam. Five different water quality and water pollution indices were used including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI), Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index (EI), and Trace Metal Pollution Index (TPI). The combined water pollution indices show more serious pollution towards the river downstream. In particular, CPI and OPI reveal a high ris...

The water quality of Çorlu Stream, located in the Thrace region of Türkiye, and exposed to intense industrial pressure, was evaluated by monitoring 10 toxic metals and 13 other water quality variables in the dry and wet seasons of 2021. Seven different water quality indices were applied to determine the pollution level at the sampling stations in the stream. In addition, human health risks from exposure to toxic metals in stream water via ingestion and dermal contact were evaluated. The results showed that the water quality at stations S2 and S3 of Çorlu Stream receiving domestic and industria...

The second edition updates and reviews the application of bioanalytical tools for water quality assessment including surveillance monitoring and focuses on applications to water quality assessment ranging from wastewater to drinking water, as well as treatment processes and advanced water treatment.

General Considerations: Constructed Wetlands: Scientific Foundations are Critical (R. Wetzel). Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands System Design, Removal Processes, and Treatment Performance (H. Brix). Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems: Research, Design, Operational, and Monitoring Issues (G. Tchobanoglous). Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Performance Database (R. Knight, R. Kadlec, and S. Reed). The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling (R. Bastian and D. Hammer). Constructed Wetlands Experience in the Southeast (R. Freeman, Jr.). Engineer...

Water quality is generally high in watercourses draining forested areas. However, forest management can lead to detrimental effects on water quality and the aquatic environment. Key concerns include diffuse pollution, carbon transport and harmful effects on freshwater ecology.Here, we undertake a review of the effects of a range of forestry activities including cultivation and site preparation, fertilisation and harvesting on water quality.We attempt to summarise the literature across a wide geographical area focusing on empirical studies. Studies report a wide range of water quality impacts a...

Abstract Water scarcity threatens people in various regions, and has predominantly been studied from a water quantity perspective only. Here we show that global water scarcity is driven by both water quantity and water quality issues, and quantify expansions in clean water technologies (i.e. desalination and treated wastewater reuse) to ‘reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity’ as urgently required by UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 6. Including water quality (i.e. water temperature, salinity, organic pollution and nutrients) contributes to an increase in percentage of worl...

Surface water is heavily exposed to contamination as this is the ubiquitous source for most of the water needs. This situation is exaggerated by the excessive population, heavy industrialization, rapid urbanization, and improper sanitation. Comprehensive measurement and knowledge extraction of surface water quality is therefore pivotal for ensuring safe and hygienic water use. Consequently, surface water quality profiling has received remarkable academic attention in recent decades that produces an ample amount of research results. This study, therefore, conducts a comprehensive systematic lit...

Abstract Most of the third world countries having rivers passing through them suffer from the water contaminant problem. This problem is considered so difficult to get the water quality within the standard allowable limits for drinking, as well as for industrial and agricultural purposes. This research aims to assess the water quality of the Tigris River using the water quality index method and GIS software. Twelve parameters (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO 4 , HCO 3 , TH, TDS, BOD 5 , NO 3 , and EC) were taken from 14 stations along the river. The weighted arithmetic method was applied to compute the ...

The fuzzy logic-based decision-making approach (FGQI) is more reliable and pragmatic for groundwater-quality assessment and analysis at a larger scale and can serve as a useful tool for the water planners and decision makers in efficiently monitoring and managing groundwater quality at watershed or basin scales.

Several indices have been developed to define water quality for human consumption, but each one has some drawbacks that limit their wide applicability. So there is a need for a new approach to classify water quality that can be accepted universally. Pollution load or water quality status of Birbhum district of West Bengal, India was presented by applying newly formulated water pollution index (WPI) method in 368 groundwater samples (184 in each pre and post monsoon season). This new technique is flexible and easy to calculate compared to the existing methods. According to this new approach wat...

Characterizing the Distribution System: Microbial Issues Distribution System Habitats Distribution Water Temperature Trends Water Supply Transient Time Operational Factors Joint Responsibility for Water Quality Creating Microbial Quality in Drinking Water Raw Source Microbial Composition Microbial Control through Treatment Water Supply Storage and Distribution Building Plumbing Networks Attachment Devices Biological Profiles in Drinking Water Primary Microbial Groups Free-Living Amoeba and Macroinvertebrates: Protectors and Amplifiers of Bacteria Opportunistic Organisms and the Water Supply Co...

The main aim of this work is to design a system to continuously monitor the water quality parameters based on the concept of IoT, which employs various sensors to measure the required parameters.

This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of implementing an Arduino-based sensor system for water quality monitoring and found that the system works reliably but is reliant on human assistance and prone to data inaccuracies.

Abstract Wildfires have increased in frequency in many ecosystems, with implications for human health and the environment, including water quality. Increased fire frequency and urbanization also raise the prospect of fires burning into urban areas, mobilizing pollutants few have considered to date. As a result, water quality managers lack information to anticipate, respond to and potentially mitigate wildfire impacts. Here, we reviewed the scientific literature to assess wildfire effects on response endpoints of a conceptual model linking fire to water quality, quantifying response directional...

Despite significant contributions to the national economy of Bangladesh, various urban developments, massive industrial and growing shipping activities are making the water of many urban rivers, including Karnaphuli River, extremely polluted. To find out the pollution sources and their possible health effects, 45 water samples were collected from 15 sampling stations. Investigation of six physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, conductivity, salinity, and turbidity) through in-situ measurements and eight heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) status usin...

Under sustainable development conditions, the water quality of irrigation systems is a complex issue which involves the combined effects of several surface water management parameters. Therefore, this work aims to enhance the surface water quality assessment and geochemical controlling mechanisms and to assess the validation of surface water networks for irrigation using six Water Quality Indices (WQIs) supported by multivariate modelling techniques, such as Principal Component Regression (PCR), Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) and Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR). A total of...

Considering all the existing knowledge gaps pertaining to contemporary strategies, a future direction of water quality research is outlined to significantly improve the water quality around the globe.

Principal component analysis/factor analysis revealed that the parameters responsible for water quality variations were mainly associated with suspended solids (both natural and anthropogenic), soluble salts (natural) and nutrients and organic matter (anthropogenic).

Abstract Groundwater is an important source for drinking water supply in hard rock terrain of Bundelkhand massif particularly in District Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh, India. An attempt has been made in this work to understand the suitability of groundwater for human consumption. The parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity , total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, copper, manganese, silver, zinc, iron and nickel were analysed to estimate the groundwater quality. The water quality index (WQI) has ...

The quality of high altitude glaciers fed surface water across Himalayan regions is very sensitive to global climate change and anthropogenic activities. In order to maintain and conserve the water quality of significant rivers like Ganga, a proper and regular monitoring system is essentially required. The Upper Ganga Basin in Himalayan terrain, covering a stretch of ∼294 km from Gangotri to Haridwar has been selected in order to perceive the water chemistry of River Ganga, using multivariate statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Pearson Correlation Matrix and Clu...

This study evaluated the relationship between water pH and the physicochemical properties of water while controlling for the influence of heavy metals and bacteriological factors using a nested logistic regression model. The study further sought to assess how these relationships are compared across confined water systems (ground water) and open water systems (surface water). Samples were collected from 100 groundwater and 132 surface water locations in the Tarkwa mining area. For the zero-order relationship in groundwater, EC, TDS, TSS, Ca, SO 4 2- , total alkalinity, Zn, Mn, Cu, faecal and to...

The inadequate availability of clean water presents systemic risks to human health, food production, energy generation and ecosystem functioning. Here we evaluate population exposure to current and future water scarcity (both excluding and including water quality) using a coupled global hydrological and surface water quality model. We find that 55% of the global population are currently exposed to clean water scarcity at least one month per year, compared with 47% considering water quantity aspects only. Exposure to clean water scarcity at least one month per year increases to 56–66% by the en...

Abstract In most developing countries, drinking water is still a serious challenge. Many water purification methods exist, but they are costly and out of reach for many people. Copper is an ancient metal that has been used from several thousands of years. Because of its antibacterial properties, ancient cultures held this metal in high regard. Copper vessels are still in use today for storing drinking water due to its ability to purify water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the copper concentration in drinking water after storing in copper containers/bottle over differen...

The present value of the global social cost of eutrophication-driven methane emissions from lakes between 2015 and 2050 is estimated to be $7.5–$81 trillion (2015 $US), and in a case-study for one well-studied lake, the global value of avoiding eUTrophication exceeds local values of either beach use or sport fishing by 10-fold.

In aquaculture industry, fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants are cultivated in fresh, salt, or brackish waters. The increasing demand of aquatic products has stimulated the rapid growth of aquaculture industries. How to effectively monitor and control water quality is one of the key concerns for aquaculture industry to ensure high productivity and high quality. There are four major categories of water quality concerns that affect aquaculture cultivations, namely, (1) physical parameters, e.g., pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity, (2) organic contaminants, (3) biochemical hazards, e...

In order to keep the "good" status of coastal water quality, it is essential to monitor and assess frequently. The Water quality index (WQI) model is one of the most widely used techniques for the assessment of water quality. It consists of five components, with the indicator selection technique being one of the more crucial components. Several studies conducted recently have shown that the use of the existing techniques results in a significant amount of uncertainty being produced in the final assessment due to the inappropriate indicator selection. The present study carried out a comprehensi...

This review describes the cases in which machine learning algorithms have been applied to evaluate the water quality in different water environments, such as surface water, groundwater, drinking water, sewage, and seawater and proposes possible future applications of machine learning approaches to water environments.

Research findings on water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria over the past two decades were systematically reviewed and Bottled water quality is higher than for sachet water and the latter largely influenced by microbe contamination.

Monitoring water quality is essential for protecting human health and the environment and controlling water quality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers significant opportunities to help improve the classification and prediction of water quality (WQ). In this study, various AI algorithms are assessed to handle WQ data collected over an extended period and develop a dependable approach for forecasting water quality as accurately as possible. Specifically, various machine learning classifiers and their stacking ensemble models were used to classify the WQ data via the Water Quality Index (WQI). ...