SCHIZOPHRENIA

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Abstract

■ Symptom dimensions in schizophrenia ■ Clinical description of psychosis ■ Schizophrenia is more than a psychosis ■ Beyond positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia ■ Symptoms of schizophrenia are not necessarily unique to schizophrenia ■ Brain circuits and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia ■ Neurotransmitters and circuits in schizophrenia ■ Dopamine ■ Dopaminergic neurons ■ Key dopamine pathways in the brain ■ The integrated dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia ■ Glutamate ■ Glutamate synthesis ■ Synthesis of glutamate cotransmitters glycine and d-serine ■ Glutamate receptors ■ Key glutamate pathways in the brain and the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia ■ Neurodegenerative hypothesis of schizophrenia ■ Excitotoxicity and the glutamate system in neurodegenerative disorders such as schizophrenia ■ Neurodevelopmental hypothesis and genetics of schizophrenia ■ Is schizophrenia acquired or inherited? ■ Genes that affect connectivity, synaptogenesis and NMDA receptors ■ Dysconnectivity ■ Abnormal synaptogenesis ■ NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, and synaptogenesis ■ Convergence of susceptibility genes for schizophrenia upon glutamate synapses ■ The bottom line ■ Neuroimaging circuits in schizophrenia ■ Summary