Domestic violence.
Mid-reproductive age women delivering stillbirths, are more likely to experience physical IPV in pregnancy, and call for screening of women for violence during their antenatal visits.
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health challenge and knowledge about relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and stillbirths is limited. We assessed the relationship of IPV during pregnancy and stillbirths, at a community level, in Pakistan. Methods Using 1:2 case-control ratio, 256 cases (women delivering singleton stillbirths) and 539 controls (women delivering singleton, term live births) were selected from the Global Network for Womenâs and Childrenâs Health Research Registry in Pakistan and individually matched on parity, in a matched, case-control community-based study. Trained female data collectors assessed IPV using WHO questionnaire âMulti-country Study on Womenâs Health and Life Experiences Questionnaireâ, between February and May 2014. Multivariable conditional logistic regression model determined the association between IPV in pregnancy and stillbirths, while adjusting for covariates. Results The association of physical and psychological IPV in pregnancy with stillbirths was modified by maternal age. Women aged 25â34 years, delivering stillbirths, were 4 times more likely to experience physical IPV during index pregnancy, compared with their counterparts delivering live births (Matched adjusted odds ratio âMAOR = 4.1 [95% CI: 1.5â11.2]); after matching on parity and adjusting for womenâs education, working status, prior stillbirths, major antepartum haemorrhage, hypertensive disease, fetal malpresentation, obstructed/prolonged labour, severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, birth attendant and mode of delivery. Psychological IPV was negatively associated with stillbirths, in women younger than 25 years (MAOR = 0.2 [95% CI: 0.03â0.9]). Sexual IPV in pregnancy was not associated with stillbirths. Conclusions Mid-reproductive age women delivering stillbirths, are more likely to experience physical IPV in pregnancy. Our findings are concerning and call for screening of women for violence during their antenatal visits.