Top Research Papers on Brain

Findings indicate that CBD can modify the deleterious effects on BBB caused by inflammatory cytokines and may play a pivotal role in ameliorating BBB dysfunction consequent to ischemia, supporting the therapeutic potential of CBD for the treatment of ischemic and inflammatory diseases of CNS.

This approach revolutionizes brain-targeting strategies by implementing a two-step targeting method which exploits the physiology of the BBB to generate the required brain specificity for nanoparticle delivery, paving the way to overcome targeting limitations and achieve clinical translation of neurological therapies.

Emerging and exciting evidence of intricate and crucial connections between the gut microbiota and the brain involving multiple biological systems, and possible contributions by the Gut microbiota to neurological disorders are discussed.

How BBB integrity adjusts in critical stages along the life span is summarized, as well as how BBB permeability can be altered by common stressors derived from nutritional habits, environmental factors and psychological stress.

Parts of the unique architecture of brain arterioles, histomorphologic features of B-ASC, relevant neuroimaging findings, epidemiology and association with aging, established genetic risk factors, and the co-occurrence with other neuropathologic conditions are described.

Music is ubiquitous across human cultures - as a source of affective and pleasurable experience, moving us both physically and emotionally - and learning to play music shapes both brain structure and brain function. Music processing in the brain - namely, the perception of melody, harmony and rhythm - has traditionally been studied as an auditory phenomenon using passive listening paradigms. However, when listening to music, we actively generate predictions about what is likely to happen next. This enactive aspect has led to a more comprehensive understanding of music processing involving brai...

It is argued that the key principles underlying backprop may indeed have a role in brain function and induce neural activities whose differences can be used to locally approximate these signals and hence drive effective learning in deep networks in the brain.

This work reviews neural and behavioral data in sequential decision-making tasks that elucidate the ways in which the brain does-and does not-plan and proposes a new approach leveraging AI advances to drive experiments that can adjudicate between competing candidate algorithms.

The regulatory mechanism of neuronal GSH production mediated by EAAC1 may be a new target in therapeutic strategies for these neurodegenerative diseases.

This review firmly establishes TBI as a systemic condition and describes the growing evidence of how extracranial factors, such as polytrauma and infection, can significantly alter TBI neuropathology.

B-ECM hydrogels can be used as an alternative scaffold for human cerebral organoid formation, and may be further optimized for improved organoid growth by further improving protein retention other than collagen after decellularization.

Many molecules have been developed in the last years with a better penetration across BBB, resulting in better progression-free survival and overall survival compared to older molecules, and promising studies concerning neural stem cells, CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptors) strategies and immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing.

Gene and protein expression data provide useful resources for understanding brain function, but little is known about the lipid composition of the brain. Here, we perform quantitative shotgun lipidomics, which enables a cell-type-resolved assessment of the mouse brain lipid composition. We quantify around 700 lipid species and evaluate lipid features including fatty acyl chain length, hydroxylation, and number of acyl chain double bonds, thereby identifying cell-type- and brain-region-specific lipid profiles in adult mice, as well as in aged mice, in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice, in a model...

Future drug or gene development for the brain will be accelerated by future advances in BBB delivery technology in parallel with new drug discovery.

The importance of brain-gut communication in maintaining GI homeostasis highlights it as a viable therapeutic target for TBI, and treatments directed toward dysautonomia, dysbiosis, and/or systemic inflammation offer the most promise.

Changes in neuronal excitability systems during this period that lead to neural circuit reformation after stroke are reviewed, and how they may be targeted to promote functional recovery is reviewed.

The current review provides an overview of the BBB, novel detection methods for disruption, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in regulating its stability following TBI.

This review focuses on nanoscale brain-targeting drug delivery strategies designed based on BBB evolutions and related applications in various brain diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury and brain tumor.

This review briefly retraces the main discoveries linking the activity of gut microbiota to prevalent brain neurodegenerative disorders, and provides a deep insight into the state-of-the-art for in vitro modeling of the brain and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), two key players of the MGBA.

The administration of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) is primarily controlled by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a structure that prevents the passage of foreign compounds from the blood to the brain's extracellular fluid. Although currently available treatments for brain diseases that affect millions of people globally are partially effective, they are associated with severe side effects of systemic drug distribution. On the other hand, the ability of certain drugs to permeate through the BBB is impeded by their physicochemical properties, achieving sub-therapeutic concentrations in ...

Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a process that largely occurs during human in utero development, and is therefore poorly accessible for study, has hindered progress in mechanistic understanding. Advances in stem cell–derived models of human organogenesis, in the form of three-dimensional organoid cultures, and transfor...

It is concluded that mature astrocytes are necessary for maintenance of endothelial tight junctions in the adult brain and Blood-brain barrier-regulating factors secreted by other cell types, such as pericytes, are not sufficient to compensate forAstrocyte loss.

It is concluded that brain lesions disrupting addiction map to a specific human brain circuit and that hubs in this circuit provide testable targets for therapeutic neuromodulation.

The role of DBS electrode connectivity profiles as a promising method to investigate DBS effects and to potentially guide DBS programming is supported and results hint at the fact that patient-specific connectivity may bear the potential of estimating slightly more variance when compared to group connectomes.

The strategies that have been investigated to evade or alter the cellular and molecular barriers of both the BBB and the BTB are discussed and the methods currently under preclinical or clinical investigation, including molecular, biological, and physical processes to overcome these barriers are detailed.

The present review aims to fill the gap by describing the pathophysiology of complications due to lung injuries in patients with a single ABI, and discusses the possible impact of MV in neurocritical care patients with normal lungs.

Abstract Low-level states of consciousness are characterized by disruptions of brain activity that sustain arousal and awareness. Yet, how structural, dynamical, local and network brain properties interplay in the different levels of consciousness is unknown. Here, we study fMRI brain dynamics from patients that suffered brain injuries leading to a disorder of consciousness and from healthy subjects undergoing propofol-induced sedation. We show that pathological and pharmacological low-level states of consciousness display less recurrent, less connected and more segregated synchronization patt...

Abstract Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system, playing critical roles in brain development and homeostasis. Increasing evidence has implicated microglia dysfunction in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders ranging from psychiatric disorders to neurodegenerative diseases. Using a human cell-based model to illuminate the functional mechanisms of microglia will promote pathological studies and drug development. The recently developed microglia-containing human brain organoids (MC-HBOs), in-vitro three-dimensional cell cultures that recapitulate key features of t...

Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired insult to the brain from an external mechanical force that may result in temporary or permanent impairment. The goal of this article is to provide a general review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and medical management of adult patients with TBI for providers practicing outside the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. The medical and rehabilitation management of moderate to severe TBI is the focus of this article, with a brief discussion of the management of mild injuries.

L et's begin with an idea that seems obvious: When we leam, we change. We do something new or better, or we may stop doing something. Learning makes a difference. Sometimes learning is incremental, and we don't even notice the changes. At other times, learning brings about powerful changes. In the most dramatic cases, learning transforms otu life. This potential for change is what attracts many of us to teaching. We hear about teachers who inflttenced students' lives in important ways; we remember our own teachers and the effect they had on us; and we recognize how learning lias changed our ow...

A contemporary and comprehensive discussion of the natural history, pathobiology, and interventions for brain AVMs is provided.

The fifth edition includes new information on memory systems, especially working memory capacity; updated research on how the explosion of technology is affecting the brain; current finding on brain organization and learning, and revised sections on hemispheric specialization; new evidence on how learning the arts enhances cognitive processing and creativity. Includes an expanded resources section and more than 150 new or updated references

The synaptic-resolution connectome of an insect brain with rich behavior, including learning, value-computation, and action-selection, is mapped, comprising 3,013 neurons and 544,000 synapses, and its connection types, neuron types, and circuit motifs are characterized.

ThePlacenta might provide a historical record of in utero threats the fetus confronted and a roadmap to understand how placenta responses to such encounters impacts the placental‐brain‐axis, and improved early diagnostic and preventative approaches may be designed to mitigate such placental disruptions.

Evidence that interoception is anatomically and functionally intertwined with the processing of signals from the external environment is reviewed, and the range of cognitive functions impacted, from perceptual detection up to the sense of self are detailed.

Better understanding the epidemiology of brain metastases will help identify individuals who are at greatest risk of developing them and guide clinicians in selecting patients who are most likely to benefit from brain metastasis surveillance and prophylaxis.

This work reviews NM-based brain tumor targeting approaches to demonstrate their applicability and translation potential from different perspectives, and discusses critical issues of NMs and their clinical trials, aiming to bolster the potential clinical applications of N Ms in treating these life-threatening diseases.

It is proposed that CNS APOE is involved in processes in the normal brains that in later years apply specifically to processes of AD pathogenesis, and approaches can be pursued to identify biomarkers of APOE dysfunction, to promote normal functions of the APOE4 isoform, and to prevent the accumulation of the pathologic hallmarks of AD with aging.

This Primer explains how precision has found its way into classic and contemporary models of perception, learning, self-awareness, and social interaction and charts how ideas around precision are beginning to change in radical ways, meaning the authors must get more precise about how precision works.