Top Research Papers on Electronics

The focal properties and chromatic and spherical aberrations of three-electrode lenses represented by Glaser's bell-shaped potential distribution and also by double bell-shaped potential distributions are extended. The results can be expressed simply in terms of the half-width of the potential distribution and the ratio of the potential at the centre of the lens to that of the accelerating potential. These parameters and their dependence on electrode geometry are derived approximately from Regenstreif's potential theory modified by the aid of experimental measurements, leading to a lens model ...

It is shown that the band structure and surface density of states of an electrode material, independent of the choice of other device components, have unique influences on the transmission curve.

Simple electrode systems with spiral and ribbon cathodes used in betatron and synchrotron injectors were investigated. The causes of poor reproducibility or the Kerst injector electron-optical parameters -were found. Systems with ribbon cathodes, suggested for exxperimental investigation, have practically parallel electron beams which permit angular beam divergence changes up to lS to 20 .(tr-auth)

A theory is presented for the rate constant k for electron transfer between a metal electrode and a redox couple solute in solution, in or near the electronically adiabatic regime. The departure of k from its electronically adiabatic transition state theory limit kTST is described via Grote–Hynes theory, and includes two sources of friction. The electronic friction arises from excitation of electron hole pairs in the metal, i.e., electronic nonadiabaticity effects. The solvent friction arises from solvent dynamical effects. Both features can result in significant reduction of k below kTST, and...

A method of forming an electrode terminal protruding electrode (120) (110) on the electronic component (100), the bump electrode (120) consists of: using a transfer mold having a terminal electrode portion is formed in the recess electronic component (100) (110) above the first conductor (130), and a laminated body is formed in a second conductive (140) (130) constituting the first conductor. According to this configuration, the protrusion may be formed of a fine pitch electrode having an arbitrary shape (120).

The present invention contemplates an aluminum electrode, an electronic device and a method of forming the aluminum electrode. According to one aspect of the aluminum electrode of the present invention, comprising: a bottom layer made of molybdenum; a top layer made of molybdenum; and the aluminum layer is located between the bottom and top, wherein the bottom layer, the top layer and the aluminum layer is formed at a temperature of 120 deg.] C of. An aluminum electrode according to the present embodiment of the invention, rat gnawing phenomena can be eliminated. According to another aspect of...

화합물 전극은 알칼리 금속 및 알칼리 토 금속으로 구성된 군으로부터 선택된 하나 이상의 금속의 하나 이상의 할로겐화 화합물을 포함하는 제 1 층(32); 및 전기 전도성 물질을 포함하는 제 2 층(34)을 포함한다. 제 2 층(34)은 전자 장치(10)의 제 1 층(32)과 전자 활성 물질을 포함하는 제 3 층(40) 사이에 배치된다. 화합물 전극은 유기 발광 장치용 또는 유기 광전지 장치용 음극으로서 역할을 할 수 있다. 화합물 전극은 실질적으로 투명하게 제조될 수 있다.

This paper will greatly value stretchable electrodes for wearable electronics research and application and study its three fundamental technical principles: stretchable electrode materials,Stretchable electrode structures, and high-adhesion substrates.

Surface roughness (Ra) is 2 or less, and, translucency comprising an underlayer elastic modulus having the above surface 20 GPa, and a conductive layer containing silver as a main component provided on the surface side of the base layer It constitutes sex electrode.

Strip-shaped electrodes 2 are coated over an end surface of an electronic component 1 and possibly also two major adjoining surfaces. A plate 3 which is provided with through slits 3a having width corresponding to the width of electrodes to be formed, is located above an electrode paste bath 4 while an electronic component is arranged above the slit plate so that its end surface extends across the through slits. Before or after this step, the electrode paste 2f is extruded to a constant level beyond the upper surface of the slit plate so that the electrode paste can be or is applied to the ele...

The present invention is an electrode 10 so provided as to be soldered to an electronic component 12 and, when the electronic component 12 is mounted on a substrate 13, soldered to the substrate 13. The electrode 10 includes a column-like electrode body 11 soldered to the electronic component 12 and to the substrate 13. The electrode has grooves as an air discharging device discharging the air 15 a in air voids 15 generated within the solder 14 between joint surfaces 11 a, 11 b of the electrode body 11 and the electronic component 12 or the substrate 13 when the electrode body 11 is soldered t...

The present application provides an inner electrode of an electronic cigarette. The tail end of the inner electrode is provided with a protruding part. Because the size of the protruding part is far smaller than that of the inner electrode, the temperature of the protruding part can reach the welding temperature quickly in the welding process, the protruding part can dip tin more easily, and welding is firmer. Therefore, the problem of infirm welding can be solved by arranging the protruding part.

A simple description of the kinetics of electron transfer at an electrode is developed which includes the effects of both outer-sphere solvent dielectric relaxation and electron tunneling. From this description, an adiabaticity criterion is obtained which determines when the rate of the electron transfer is adiabatic, that is, determined by solvent relaxation dynamics, or diabatic, determined by electron tunneling dynamics. Rate constants are also obtained for the diabatic and adiabatic limiting cases and the intermediate regime in which the dynamics of both processes are important. The degree...

Sufficient conductivity and provides a transparent electrode having both light transmissive, further improvement of performance by using the transparent electrode to provide an electronic device and an organic electroluminescence device was achieved. Which has a is 12nm or less thickness measurable sheet resistance, the coverage is 100% or less than 70%, which is a transparent electrode 1 having an electrode layer 1b made of a silver.

神経刺激電極配列を選択する方法及び装置が提供される。 本開示の一形態は、神経刺激信号を発生させるように構成された神経刺激器と、所望の神経標的を刺激するために第１の電極配置の試験を行う電極配置テスタとを含む埋め込み型医療装置に関係する。 装置は、第１の電気配置を使用して、所望の神経標的を刺激するための適切な信号特性を有する第１の神経刺激信号と、第２の電極配置を使用して、所望の神経標的を刺激するための適切な信号特性を有する第２の神経刺激信号とを選択的に提供するために、神経刺激器を制御するための、かつ電極配置テスタと通信し、かつ第２の神経刺激信号を使用する神経刺激を与えることによって、第１の電極配置の有効性が閾値よりも低いという指示に応答するように構成されたコントローラを含む。 他の形態及び実施形態は、本明細書に提供される。

ABSTRACT The influence of the electrodes of a uniform field discharge gap on an electron avalanche ore discussed in. this paper. The presence of both electrodes reduces the number of electron/atom collisions in their vicinity thereby increasing the mean electron energy above the equilibrium valuo (∊). There is an associated decrease in the transit time and an increase in the amplification of the electrons across the gap. The spatial variation of the drift velocity, diffusion coefficient and amplification coefficient have been calculated. It has been shown that for a tube voltage greater than l...

This paper describes a new type of thermionic tube capable of producing ultra-high frequencies by means of electron oscillations. Tubes of this type are characterized by having parallel plane electrodes, instead of cylindrical electrodes as in the conventional Barkhausen-Kurz tubes, and a fourth element called a backing plate. The relations between wavelength and amplitude of oscillation and the various electrode potentials are shown by measurements on a typical tube. It is found that in these tubes the filament voltage is not critical, space-charge-limited operation being satisfactory, and th...

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrode structure, and an electronic device such as a piezoelectric vibration chip, which suppresses the warpage of a substrate to a minimum while reducing unwanted capacitance (parasitic capacitance). SOLUTION: In the electronic device, a concave portion 21a and a first insulating layer 22 are formed in one main surface side of the substrate 21. The piezoelectric vibration piece 3 is mounted on mounting terminals 23a, 23b in the first insulating layer 22. In a third insulating layer 26 formed on the lower surface of the substrate 21, the thickness of the ...

The experimental observation of inhomogeneous nanobubble formation is challenging, and consequently the onset and growth of nanobubbles has yet to be fully localized or observed directly. Conventional methods, such as optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), have been used to image small bubbles [1, 2]. However, optical images have limited spatial resolution due to the wavelength of visible light, and AFM is an invasive technique which gives data that can be difficult to interpret. Here we report using an electrical bias applied to graphene electrodes to form nanobubbles in situ f...

FIELD: electricity. SUBSTANCE: electrode assembly comprises two flat electrodes 1.2, 3.2 and a circular dielectric spacer 2.1 separating them; the electrodes are supported by opposite parts of the spacer. Both electrodes are equipped with ledges 1.2.3, 3.2.3 at the periphery and supported by opposite parts of the spacer 2.1 by these ledges. At that the ledges of one electrode are placed opposite the gaps between the ledges of the other electrode. EFFECT: improved electric strength of the electrode assembly due to the increase of a spark gap length where breakdown may occur. 4 cl, 6 dwg

Graphene electrode having a surface which is modified such that it has a high work function, and an electronic device, which comprises the graphene electrode.

本发明提供兼备充分的导电性和透光性的透明电极、及通过使用该透明电极来谋求了性能的提高的电子器件。 形成具备使用含有氮原子的化合物而构成的含氮层(1a)、和使用银或以银为主要成分的合金与含氮层(1a)邻接而设置的电极层(1b)的透明电极。

本发明公开了一种电子帘加速器、接收极和电子加速方法，涉及加速器领域。 其中的接收极朝向电子帘加速器的电子束发射组件侧呈现凸起状，以便对电子束产生汇聚作用。 通过凸起状接收极结构，在接收极周围建立一个电子束聚焦场，消除电子帘阴极与阳极筒间散焦电场的影响，提高电子束在接收极的通过率和有效利用率，同时减少钛窗支撑结构的制冷量。

Provided area cyclopentaphenanthrene-based compound and an organoelectroluminescent device employing the same. The cyclopentaphenanthrene-based compound is easy to pre pare and excellent in solubility, color purity, color stability, and thermal stability. The cyclopentaphenanthrene-based compound is useful as a material for forming an organic layer, in particular, an emitting layer, in an organoelectrolumines cent device, and as an organic dye or an electronic material Such as a nonlinear optical material.

The article gives a general treatment of the electron optical properties of cylindrical electron spectrographs. The resolution, the transmission, and the ratio of them (figure of merit) for electrostatic spectrographs are computed and compared for various choices of focusing arrangement and location of the source and the image. The second order focusing, which occurs in the evaluation as an asymptotic case of the first order focusing arrangement, is shown to yield a figure of merit which is in most cases superior to first order focusing. Locating the source and the image at the cylinder axis i...

The present invention provides a mesh electrode attachment structure, an electron-emitting device and an electronic apparatus including the electron-emitting device. The mesh electrode attachment structure comprising: a substrate having at least one opening; adhesive layer disposed on the substrate; and a mesh electrode provided on the substrate, the adhesive layer between the mesh electrode and the substrate, wherein the mesh electrode has at least one opening is located in the region corresponding to the mesh area and the contact area of ​​the adhesive layer adhesive, the adhesive region com...

Abstract : Electron and ion currents to various electrodes in pulsed, electron beam-produced plasmas were measured in a number of laboratory systems. These experiments showed variations in the measured currents that depended on gas type, cathode material, magnetic field geometry, and electrode impedance. Explanations of these observations are given on a per case basis, after a careful evaluation and comparison of all other experimental factors.

The need to reduce the environmental impact of inorganic electronic systems is pressing. Although the field of organic electronics provides a potential solution to this issue, research and optimization is still majorly carried out on glass or plastic substrates. Additionally, the fabrication of organic devices requiring transparent electrodes is fraught with complex techniques and expensive materials which limit widespread implementation and sustainability goals. Here, we show that the quasi-fractal lignocellulose structures extracted from natural leaves can be successfully modified to be used...

The influence of electronic barrier heights on the quantity of injection charge and electroluminescence (EL) in newly designed devices have been studied. By sandwithing Y2O3, ZnO thin films in between ITO and SiO or Al and ITO, we could change the electron barrier height and the quantities of the injection charges. It is found that Y2O3 film is a good electron barrier film, we sandwithed it in between Al and SiO layers and between ITO and SiO, respectively, and measured the injection charges data with different applied volotage. Using the Fowler-Nordeim tunneling current equation, the electron...

The transfer of an electron from a metal electrode to an ion in a polar liquid is probably the most important process in electrochemistry. As the electrons in the metal have a continuum of allowed energy levels, this transfer may be accompanied by the creation/annihilation of electron–hole excitations in the metal. Calculation of the rate of electron transfer, with these excitations and the solvent accounted for properly is a difficult problem to treat using the usual approaches of molecular reaction dynamics, as one now has a continuum of potential energy surfaces, on which the dynamics has t...

The present invention relates to an electrode pad for mounting electronic components, an aspect of the invention is a circuit in the electronic component to the electrode pad for mounting on a surface of a substrate, and first and second electrode portions and facing each other facing each other, the first and the second being arranged separately from the electrode portion and the predetermined distance, the second comprises first and second, a third and a fourth electrode arranged so as to form the corners of the electrode pad with the electrode unit parts of the first to At least one of the ...

Marcus-Hush theory relates the rate of electron transfer to the density of electronic states of the electrode material through use of a carbon microelectrode, validated for graphitic materials by measurement of a variety of outer-sphere redox systems.

Microelectrode medical comprising an electrode body disposed between a base section and a depunta section, the electrode at least partially embedded in a first matrix body biocompatible rigid quees soluble or biodegradable in a body fluid.

The invention provides an electronic structure for increasing combination force between an internal electrode and an external electrode, and an electronic packaging component. The electronic structure comprises a substrate body, the electronic packaging component and an electric conduction unit. The electronic packaging component is arranged on the substrate body and comprises a first internal electrode part, a second internal electrode part, a first external electrode part electrically making contact with the first internal electrode part, and a second external electrode part electrically mak...

Flexible electronics, as an emerging and exciting research field, have brought great interest to the issue of how to make flexible electronic materials that offer both durability and high performance at strained states. With the advent of on‐body wearable and implantable electronics, as well as increasing demands for human‐friendly intelligent soft robots, enormous effort is being expended on highly flexible functional materials, especially stretchable electrodes, by both the academic and industrial communities. Among different deformation modes, stretchability is the most demanding and challe...

Recently, various types of flexible devices such as flexible displays, batteries, e-skins and solar cell panels have been reported. Most of the researches focus on the development of high performance flexible device. However, to realize these flexible devices, the long-term reliability should be guaranteed during the repeated deformations of flexible devices because the direct mechanical stress would be applied on the electronic devices unlike the rigid Si-based devices. Among various materials consisting electronics devices, metal electrode is one of the weakest parts against mechanical defor...

Singlemolecule experiments have been attracting interest since they can pave the way towards the realization of new molecular devices and biosensors. Molecular electronics could be an alternative to classical electronics to overcome the technologic dimensional limit of CMOS technology. On the other hand, biosensor downscaling can open to new detection techniques that are impossible at the conventional dimensional scale. Nowadays, single molecule experiments are mainly based on scanning probe techniques to manipulate and characterize molecules at the nanoscale. Although these techniques have re...

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the most widely used transparent electrode in organic light-emitting devices and solar cells, and in liquid-crystal displays. The electronic and geometric structure of the interface between ITO and the organic material strongly affects the charge-injection characteristics, and thus largely determines the overall efficiency of these organic electronic devices. Two common issues are the large barrier for charge-carrier injection from ITO into the organic layer, which limits the electrical current, and the lack of compatibility between the hydrophilic surface of the oxid...

By using Au-benzenedithiol-Au as a model system, systematic investigations of different models for the leads and the lead-molecule contacts are carried out: leads with different cross sections, leads consisting of infinite surfaces, and surface leads with a local nanowire or atomic chain of different lengths.

Electrical circuitry, particularly, a line interface connected to the input / output line, and said interface parallel rectifier, and linked counter to the line interface, the set of counters and the electrode a concatenated data converter may comprise.

The utility model discloses an electrode connecting device of an electronic cigarette. The electrode connecting device comprises a plug and a socket which are butted mutually, wherein the socket is arranged at the end part of a battery cartridge of the electronic cigarette; the plug is arranged at the end part of an atomization cartridge of the electronic cigarette; two ends of the positive contact of the socket are respectively connected and arranged at the battery positive electrode in the battery cartridge and the positive electrode of the contacted plug; two ends of the negative contact of...

Chemical and electrochemical redox reactions have many characteristics in common from the point of view of the experimental results and theory. A quantitative theory of the rates of electron transfer reactions in solution has been formulated (1) and related concepts used to develop an analogous treatment of electrode processes (2). In this chapter we consider the foundations of this theory, their relation to quantum mechanical principles, and the relation between the electron transfer mechanism and other mechanisms of electrode processes. The quantitative development has been presented el...

Electron diffraction studies indicated that the aging of freshly deposited nickel or activated platinum was at least in part caused by changes in crystal structure. Confirmation was also obtained for the idea that the different forms of hydrogen on platinum are hydrogens adsorbed on different crystal planes. -c partial of hydrogen sulfidation of partial of

Clearing electrodes have been successfully used to remove the ion from the vacuum chamber in many electron accelerators, especially in electron synchrotron light source. Electron cloud caused beam instabilities and vacuum pressure rise are becoming more and more important with the increasing beam intensity in recent years. In this paper we have explored the mechanism to clear the electron cloud by using the clearing electrode in case of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring, where strong multipacting could happen at median clearing fields.

The problem of obtaining the electrode shapes which will maintain a cylindrical beam of space-charge limited current reduces to the problem of solving Laplace's equation for the electrostatic potential outside the space-charge region, with the appropriate boundary conditions on the surface of the beam. A new approximate analytical solution of the Laplace equation has been obtained, and numerical tables have been developed for designing the electrode shapes. A plot of the electrode shapes, which is applicable to either hollow or solid beams, has been drawn up. The shape of the outside electrode...

A technique has been developed that defines the shapes of electrodes needed to produce a good-quality cylindrically symmetric beam of ions or electrons. This work was motivated by the need to optimize electrode shapes for a high-brightness, low-energy, deuteron injector. Our experience had indicated that correct shaping of electrodes becomes increasingly important as beam perveance increases. This provided the motivation for developing a computer program that could specify electrodes producing optimum or improved beam quality. Several techniques have been developed and evaluated. The procedure...

As ‘flexibility’ has emerged as an important issue in next-generation electronics, many efforts to find new classes of materials have been devoted to realizing stretchable, bendable and foldable electronic devices. For these devices to be realized, graphene has been considered as one of the most promising candidates for flexible electrodes due to its extraordinary electrical, optical and mechanical properties. Particularly, recent developments in the fabrication and modification of graphene point to a bright future for graphene electrodes in flexible electronics. This mini-review summarizes th...

This thesis reports on the design and first experimental realization of a surface-electrode quadrupole guide for free electrons. The guide is based on a miniaturized, planar electrode layout and is driven at microwave frequencies. It confines electrons in the near-field of the microwave excitation, where strong electric field gradients can be generated without resorting to resonating structures or exceptionally high drive powers. The use of chip-based electrode geometries allows the realization of versatile, microstructured potentials with the perspective of novel quantum experiments with guid...

The paper is concerned primarily with the electron guns employed in electron microscopy.The position of the image of the cathode, the magnification, and the divergence of the beam leaving the anode are calculated for a three‐electrode electron gun with plane electrodes and circular apertures both for zero and battery bias. The simplifying assumption is made that the electrostatic lenses are thin. The results are compared with the experiments of Johannson. The extension of the results to the gun used in the transmission electron microscope is considered with the aid of electrolytic trough measu...

The possibility of measuring physiological responses using printed electronics that the authors can design easily is shown, and electroantennogram (EAG) response is measured very similar to previous research.