Review—Recent Advances of Electrochemical Techniques in Food, Energy, Environment, and Forensic Applications
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Abstract
The presence of metals and semimetals can provide various information. In archeological samples, for instance, the investigation of metals can indicate the age of the objects, valuable information in historical studies; meanwhile, in cosmetics and food samples, their presence can indicate contamination which can cause severe problems to human health. In fuels, metals can cause environmental damage, economic loss, and damage car engine parts; therefore, their determination provides information about the fuel quality, while in gunshot residues samples they provide evidence of a crime scene and even help to identify the suspect, showing the considerable versatility of the results of a metal determination. Electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been used for these analyses due to their simplicity, sensitivity, low cost, and quickness. The paper presents the advances in electroanalysis performed in the last ten years (2011–2020) to determine metals in archeological, cosmetics, food, fuels, and gunshot residues samples.