Top Research Papers on International Trade

North Umatera, a province in the northern part of Sumatra Island, has a rich and varied trade history in the context of international relations. The historical traces of trade in this region cover important periods, starting from the Malay kingdom era to the colonial and modern periods. This article explores the role of North Sumatra as a vital trade node in the Indonesian and international trade networks. By considering geographic, cultural, and political factors, this research traces the evolution of trade routes and economic relations in the region. The main focus of this article is on the ...

Abstract:This article examines how the institutional design of borders affects international trade. The explore variation in the effects of borders by comparing new international borders that follow precedent and thus have a prior institutional history with new international borders that lack such an institutional history. The former minimally disrupt—or restore—previous economic networks, while the latter fundamentally disrupt existing economic networks. A variety of empirical tests show that, consistent with this institutional perspective on borders, new international boundaries that follow ...

There are two broad themes in the theory of international trade. One is qualitative, being concerned with the pattern of trade, i.e. which country will export which good. The standard theory relates this to comparative advantage, i.e. to international differences in relative opportunity costs, and then tries to explain comparative advantage in terms of differences in technologies, factor supplies, etc. This theme is also concerned with the way in which trade in return affects such determinants of comparative advantage. The other theme is more quantitative, and seeks to explain the terms of tra...

This thesis explores the effects of trade costs on international trade at macro and micro levels. It focuses on traditional and non-traditional sources of trade costs that imped trade flows at various phases of a typical export shipment: behind the borders, at the borders and beyond the borders. It initially examines the connection between trade costs and the composition of developing countries’ exports and then explores the responses of firms to additional costs associated with the security of supply chain imposed on Pakistan’s firms in the wake of events of 9/11. Following this, it investig...

We explore the effects of international trade in goods and emission permits on global warming and welfare in a two-country, two-good, general-equilibrium model with both Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin features. According to our findings, international commodity trading cannot successfully reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions if the comparative advantage stems from differences in per-capita emission allowances; however, it may reduce emissions if the comparative advantage is also based on differences in technologies. International emissions trading cannot mitigate global warming. Whether it imp...

This major work consists of carefully commissioned original and incisive contributions from leading scholars in the field of international economic law. Covering a full range of topics, the Handbook provides an accessible treatment of the law in each area, as well as a thoughtful synthesis and discussion of related public policy issues from a broadly social science perspective.

This major work consists of carefully commissioned original and incisive contributions from leading scholars in the field of international economic law. Covering a full range of topics, the Handbook provides an accessible treatment of the law in each area, as well as a thoughtful synthesis and discussion of related public policy issues from a broadly social science perspective.

This major work consists of carefully commissioned original and incisive contributions from leading scholars in the field of international economic law. Covering a full range of topics, the Handbook provides an accessible treatment of the law in each area, as well as a thoughtful synthesis and discussion of related public policy issues from a broadly social science perspective.

Centering on questions of the potential optimality of some trade protection, these original contributions present research at the frontier of international trade and trade policy. They expand and test the new trade theory that has developed during the last decade, incorporating elements of industrial organization and political economy into the study of trade structure and the formation of trade policy. Essays in the first two parts take up trade policy, addressing issues such as the formation of trading blocks, strategic trade policy, the political economy of protection, growth-oriented trade ...

The new turn negotiation of WTO is to build up a reasonable regulation,that is to solve the contradictions between trade and environment without the obstruction of trade liberalization.Green trade is involving all aspects of international trade,which is also a test of comprehensive economic strength to a country.

Joan Robinson’s critical work about the neoclassical theory of international trade reveals two distinct eras: 1946-1950, and the 1970s. During the first period, the analysis was focused on applying Keynes’ theory to this branch of economic doctrine. During the second period, fed by her pioneering deconstruction of the theory of capital, Robinson moved to the left of the political spectrum. Influenced by "new left" critiques of economic orthodoxy, she embraced the causes of the Third World and of ecology

In this article the authors have identified the significant factors that influence international trade in the light of traders. Foreign exchange transaction may prove to be helpful in managing currency risk which is associated with import and export of goods. The significance of multi-national firms over international trade has been discussed along with the impact of balance of payment over international trade and the measures taken by the government to create a balance in balance of payment and balance of trade. The considerations of countries while determining exchange rates have been elabor...

Abstract Soybean Trader is a microcomputer simulation of international grain trading. The program uses the format of a graphics-oriented game to teach basic economic principles and to stimulate interest in agricultural trade. Profits from trading serve as a score, and competition is encouraged by ranking top scores in Traders' Hall of Fame. Results of tests with adult and youth audiences indicated that the program is an interesting and effective teaching tool.

In 2008, the field of international trade experienced considerable activity in some areas and virtual stagnation in others. The World Trade Organization (WTO) welcomed two new members in 2008: Ukraine and Cape Verde. Progress on Russia's accession suffered a setback in 2008 due to the Russian-Georgian War in South Ossetia and Abkhazia and other bilateral issues. Additionally, the expiration of Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) in 2007 and the U.S. presidential and congressional elections created uncertainty as to whether the next administration would honor U.S.-negotiated agreements and whether ...

Aceptado: 05 octubre 2022 En este documento, se propone examinar teóricamente el comercio de la calidad de productos con un marco de competencia oligopólica a la Hotelling, en lugar de un marco de competencia monopolística o competencia perfecta como es el estándar en la literatura del comercio internacional. Este marco permite identificar la calidad de los productos, al tiempo que captura simultáneamente la preferencia por la variedad y la preferencia por la calidad de los consumidores. Los resultados teóricos permiten construir dos índices que capturan la calidad a través de los precios y de...

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Kor...

Tb STUDY OF THE MEDIEVAL. Islamic countryside, and of the silent majority that inhabited it, is enveloped by a considerable obscurity with only occasional and partial clearings. Our familiarity with the medieval Egyptian (and, more generally, Middle Eastern) countryside is vague and imprecise. Fundamental issues remain unclarified and unstudied. We are bereft of some of the most basic notions and concepts to describe, understand, and analyse the agricultural and rural history of the Islamic Middle East. Abhorring this vacuum, historians of the premodern Middle East have slowly begun to mobilis...

The authors discuss international trade trends; new challenges and chances coming along with international integration; with special attention for expanding trade relations between Russia and the countries.

The field of international trade has advanced in the past decade through a healthy exchange between new observations on firms in export markets and new theories that have introduced producer heterogeneity into trade models. As a result, we now have general equilibrium theories of trade that are consistent with various dimensions of both the aggregate and the firmlevel data. Furthermore, we have a much better sense of the magnitudes of key parameters underlying these theories.1 This flurry of activity at the firm level has left the core aggregate relationships among trade, factor costs, and wel...

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Kor...

With the change of administration in the United States, trade negotiations came to a near standstill in 2009. There was little to no discernable progress in the Doha round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations, and despite Russia's efforts to the contrary, no new members joined the WTO. Dispute settlement activity was also subdued, with a considerable decrease in both the number of initiations and the number of Appellate Body and Panel Reports issued. The controversy over the so-called “zeroing�? methodology continued to represent a large portion of the Dispute Settlement Body's (DSB)...

International trade and trade policy have become increasingly important and complex in recent years. In this comprehensive introduction to the key aspects of international trade policy, noted authority Anne O. Krueger explains what has happened and why these issues are so difficult. With evidence-based analysis and an even-handed approach, International Trade: What Everyone Needs to Know lays the foundation to understand what trade does and does not do. Focusing on the importance of trade in both goods and services, Krueger explores the effects of various trade policies step-by-step and demons...

In the 21 years since the conclusion of the Second World War, a complicated, piecemeal framework of trading arrangements under various international organizations has been created. Now there is concern, internationally and domestically, as to whether this framework is a durable basis for expanded world trade.

International logistics,which has grown with international trade,has become an important factor in international trade.To do international trade which means the shipment of goods form one country to another,international logistics play the vital role.The development of international logistics has greatly enhanced the environment of international trade.To establish an international trade oriented modern logistics system will make international trade faster and easier and will enhance its development.

This paper surveys key developments in the theory of international migration and international trade, and provides a few stylized facts. International migration, in many important cases, such as cross-country differences in productivity, can be a complement to international flows of commodities. In the presence of a productivity difference that is generated by an external economy effect of human, capital physical capital has weak incentives to flow from developed to underdeveloped countries while pressures for international migration from poor to rich countries are strong. The balancing factor...

In this chapter we begin to make use of the analytical techniques developed in the previous one. Our aim is to establish some of the most basic propositions concerning the pattern of trade and the gains from trade. To this end, we first set up models for one country in autarky, and in a trading equilibrium. Simple ‘revealed preference’ comparisons allow us to prove the results concerning gains from trade. Then we consider a model of two countries in a trading equilibrium, which gives some insights into the reasons for trade, and the patterns of trade. Finally, we derive various well-known mode...

This article explores the apparent paradox between the importance of the practice of international trade and the relative weakness of the subject as part of the curriculum in business schools. A possible resolution for the inconsistency is reorientation of the focus of trade theory. By concentrating on the process toward an equilibrium, rather than on the equilibrium itself and on the ensuing profit opportunities for corporations, a more business-oriented trade theory can be developed. Such a development will allow us to introduce the pure theory of trade into the business school's curriculum ...

In order to avoid misunderstanding and disputes,some international organizations and commercial groups has began to work together.Now they have formed relevant international practices,some international trade practices have become the standard of international business.To students,learning international practice is very important because its the core content of the course.

International trade is one of the areas that has been and remains the concern of many economicsresearchers, particularly in recent times. This paper aims to highlight the most important determinants ofinternational trade, within the framework of new "new" theories. Focusing on companies' export decisionsand their behavior during offshoring and outsourcing.Productivity, type of industry, contract environment, research and development, production costs andother determinants of business behavior and export decisions are taken into account.

In this dissertation, I contribute to the thriving empirical literature in international trade by looking specifically at the international fragmentation of production and non-traditional trade costs. In chapter 1, using the new features of global input-output tables, I quantify the impact of the recent changes in foreign input use on the factor content of trade. I found that the changes in the factor content of trade are driven by each country position in the global supply chains. The chapter 2 analyzes the links between political relations and trade in light of the growing interdependency be...

World trade has expanded significantly in the second half of the 20th century: in the period from 1948 to 1973 the value of trade at current prices increased from 59 to 579 billion dollars a year. World GDP in nominal terms over the same period increased by 6 times. The growth rate of exports in real terms, faster than the growth rate of real GDP doubled during the second half of the 20th century. A considerable role in this rapid growth of trade relations played the Bretton Woods agreements and the multilateral liberalization of trade regimes pursued in the framework of the GATT. Trade libera...

ABSTRACT The disruptions of trade flows due to military conflicts leads to changes in economic structures of countries, to the subsequent changes in trade policies, and to the changes of established trade patterns with impact on position of countries in international trade system. This paper deals with three modern time’s conflicts: Napoleonic Wars, WWI and WWII. We argue that the changes resulting from the disruption of trade flows itself, leads to changes and shifts which are relatively permanent, independent on outcomes of the conflicts for individual countries, and do significantly affect ...

I. INTRODUCTION The United States antidumping law imposes dumping duties on the sale of foreign goods in the United States "at less than its fair value"[3] when an industry in the United States is "materially injured or is threatened with material injury"(4) by reason of those sales. Two government entities, the International Trade Commission (ITC)(5) and the Department of Commerce International Trade Administration (Commerce),(6) are responsible for conducting the investigation in antidumping proceedings. The investigation may go through as many as four distinct phases: (1) the ITC preliminar...

The paper introduces one variant of cap-and-trade system of environmental policy and shows its effects on income distribution, structure of production and comparative advantage. The main result is that cap-and-trade leaves no scope to dispute the pollution haven hypothesis. A country may certainly make discretionary use of cap-and-trade parameters to improve its competitiveness in world trade. An expansion of the supply of permits may turn out to be a new trade policy, making a mockery of the objective of reversing climate change. This paper underscores the importance of free international tra...

Author(s): Justel, Santiago | Advisor(s): Ohanian, Lee; Burstein, Ariel | Abstract: When a buyer and a seller meet in the market, both need to decide quantity and price. However, often they also argue when to transfer the payment. In one extreme, the seller may demand early payment before delivering the goods. In the other, the buyer can demand late payment after receiving the products/services. The former is sometimes called cash in advance, while the latter is called trade credit. Understanding the use of trade credit is essential because it is one of the main sources of short-term finance f...

This paper argues that when rich countries export, per capita income differences with the trading partner act as trade barriers. I develop and quantify a multi-country general equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences and heterogenous firms with no fixed trade barriers. In my model, per capita income level is a key determinant of trade patterns. With non-homothetic preferences, countries, depending on their income, potentially demand different sets of varieties as well as different quantities for a given variety. As a result, rich countries have different demand patterns than poor coun...

Globalization and integration affects economic growth in the intelligent instruments and effective use of resources and potentials of each country in the world economy. The economic development of a country may follow different paths, under the influence of many general and specific factors. But each country experience suggests economic policy instruments. But each country experience suggests economic policy instruments which can be operated adapting specific conditions of other countries and to provide the expected positive results for them. Global experience has shown that trade policies hav...

Brian Paddock is Director of the Policy Analysis Division of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). The author has benefitted from the substantial contribution of James Rude in the preparation of this paper. Any policy views, whether explicitly stated, inferred or interpreted from the contents of this publication, should not be represented as reflecting the views of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. v Preface This report is part of the Trade Research Series that Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) is undertaking to support discussions in connection with multilateral and bilateral trade n...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a review of literature on the composition of exports and imports during 2005-2011 in Kosovo and key findings from secondary research on the reasons for the high trade deficit which affects economic development within this country. Design/Methodology/Approach – This paper presents secondary data related to background of the international trade and its increasing importance throughout the years because globalization. Then it is followed by characteristics of Kosovo’s trade environment, its domination of imports from 2005 to 2011 and its com...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the potential for tariff reduction under the most favored‐nation (MFN) provision of international trade law as it is written, lex lata.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes differences in average tariff rates applied to imports under the MFN provision of international trade law. Two empirical methods are used; an analysis of variance to estimate significant differences in tariff rates between high‐income members and least‐developed members of the World Trade Organization (WTO); and fixed‐effects regression model to determine the effe...

Last year marked the third consecutive year of decelerating growth in the volume of world output and trade. The recession in North America and the slowdown of the economic expansion in Western Europe, together with the sharp contraction of output in Central/ Eastern Europe and the former USSR, were the main factors behind the slower growth of world trade. Exports from the Middle East were also affected by the repercussions of the Gulf War (imports into the region, on the other hand, remained relatively buoyant). In contrast, the expansion of trade and output remained very strong in Asia, altho...

We use a unique dataset on trading transactions at the firm level to investigate a complementary effect in international transactions between sellers and buyers; trading transactions are more likely to be international when both sellers and buyers are large in size than when either sellers or buyers are large. Our econometric analysis provides evidence for the complementary effect between trading partners on the likelihood of international trade, which is most prominent for exports from North to South.

L'objectif de cette these est d'identifier les effets des couts a l'echange sur la structure du commerce par qualite. Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons empiriquement les determinants des exportations de Cognac et nous nous focalisons sur l'impact des couts a l'echange. Nous montrons que, comme pour d'autres produits de luxe, l'elasticite des exportations de Cognac a la distance est negative et relativement faible. Les droits de douane n'ont par ailleurs pas d'impact significatif sur la marge intensive, mais nous trouvons un impact negatif sur la marge extensive, une fois corrige d'un bi...

In the field of international trade, data analysis has traditionally had quite modest influence relative to that of pure theory. At one time, this might have been rationalized by the paucity of empirics in the field or its weak theoretical foundations. In recent years empirical research has begun to provide an increasingly detailed view of the determinants of trade relations. Yet the field as a whole has been slow to incorporate these findings in its fundamental worldview. In this paper, we outline and extend what we view as key robust findings from the empirical literature that should be part...

Globalization has influences on economies of all countries. Not only the capital but commodities became very important part of global mobility. Many countries tried to cooperate and collaborate to adopt their own national law and principles for both capital mobility and commodity mobility. However, in international trade, there are observations about trade of either illegal goods or trading international but caused to international money laundering. This paper will analyse money laundering mechanism based on the trade of goods and services, commonly known as trade based money laundering. Speci...

The development of international trade theory has experienced two main stages: traditional international trade theory and new international trade theory.New international trade theory rises with the development of economic theory,it constantly introduces new economic concepts into the eld of international trade research,explains the causes of the emergence and development of international trade from the perspective of depth,and greatly promotes the development of international trade theory research.Since the end of the Second World War,the pattern of international trade has not been divided,w...

I estimate the impact of international conflict on bilateral trade relations using several incidents of politically motivated boycotts: The boycott of Danish goods by Muslim countries following the Muhammad Comic Crisis in 2005/2006, the Chinese boycott of Japanese goods in response to the Senkaku/Diaoyu Island conflict in 2012, the boycotts of French products in the US over the Iraq War in 2003, and Turkey’s boycott of Israel over the Gaza conflict in 2014. The results from difference-in-differences and the synthetic control group method show that boycotts can have strong negative effects on ...

International trade conventions in the field of private international law are obviously different from the international conventions in the field of public international law. They are closely related to the contract of international trade. The application, modification or exclusion of the conventions should be written in the contract. The latest international trade conventions show new development of the autonomy rule of the parties’ will. They allow and clearly provide that the parties of the contract have the rights of conventions’ selection, modification and exclusion. On the basis of resea...

An economic and financial crisis of a scale and magnitude unprecedented in the post-war period has transformed the global economic landscape, disproportionately damaging developing countries. Global economic downturn and recession has undermined opportunities in many countries for jobs, growth, and economic and social well-being, seriously jeopardizing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets set for 2015. Countries now seek to make their economies and participation in international trade more resilient to external shocks by diversifying their economies and strengthenin...

List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Preface 1 Idealised models of 'efficient' international exchange 2 Aboriginal external trade and the global evolution of inter-state trade relations 3 The national political economy of overseas colonial expansion in historical perspective 4 Proto-generic external trade specialisation: some 'regional' aspects of empire 5 Exchange aspects of colonial separatism: some macroeconomy effects of trade abnormalisation 6 The economics of graduation from colonial to national economy 7 Reflective synopsis Bibliography Index