Top Research Papers on Law

"The Female Body and the Law" provides an original and incisive reexamination of the dynamics of sexual equality. Eisenstein contends that sexual inequality is fostered both by the law and by the insistence that men and women are biologically different. Through a fascinating discussion of a series of issues including affirmative action, AIDS, Baby M, pornography, and abortion, Eisenstein shows how the law operates as a political language that establishes and curtails choices and actions.

1 General principles Armed conflict Military necessity Humanity Rule of distinction Civilians and combatants Taking a direct part in hostilities Civilian property and military targets Civilians and civilian objects protected Rule of proportionality Indiscriminate attacks Customary law Treaty law Definition of attack 2 Enemy armed forces I Good faith Who is a member of the enemy armed forces? Child fighters Perfidy and ruses of war Perfidy Ruses of war Difference between perfidy and ruses of war Tactics: ambush, sniping, sabotage Uniform Use of enemy uniform Misuse of emblems Intelligence gathe...

Example sentences from journals and magazines show words used in context and complex terms are explained in clear, simple language, making the dictionary particularly suitable for users without a background in law and for non-native English speakers.

How well can AI models write law school exams without human assistance? To find out

The article examines the main trends in the European space regarding the basic principles of contractual regulation of relations. The emphasis is placed on the dominance of the private law concept in the field of contractual relations. The author concludes that the fundamental principles of contractual regulation are of an evaluative nature. The article supports the assertion of scholars that the principles of European contract law are axiological in nature - filled with evaluative content and require interpretation in each particular case. The basic principles for contractual relations are th...

rights, 5 accession/accretion, 6, 19 acquiescence, 36 fF. and estoppel, 45 fF. adjudication, 7n., 13n. and frontiers, 12 Africa, 13 aggression, 2n. Alaska Boundary Dispute, 47 Alfaro, 50n. Alvarez, Judge, 85n., 86n. Amiens, Treaty of, 77 Angola, 82n. arbitration, and frontier questions, 12 Argentine, 82n. attornment, tenancy by, 53n. Austria, 18n., 53 Baltic States, 81 Barrington, Mr., 76n. Behring Sea Arbitration, 41 Belize, 78n. belligerency, and title, 5 Berlin Congo Conference (1885), 39 Boggs, 12n. boundary commission, 12 boundary disputes, 12 IT. Bowett, 43n., 44n., 45n., 46, 50n. Brierl...

People obey the law if they believe it's legitimate, not because they fear punishment--this is the startling conclusion of Tom Tyler's classic study. Tyler suggests that lawmakers and law enforcers would do much better to make legal systems worthy of respect than to try to instill fear of punishment. He finds that people obey law primarily because they believe in respecting legitimate authority. In his fascinating new afterword, Tyler brings his book up to date by reporting on new research into the relative importance of legal legitimacy and deterrence, and reflects on changes in his own think...

: The fields of law and economics are hallmarks of social sciences. Legal studies account for the oldest foundations of scholarly work and have ever since been part of academic institutions. Since the inception of the science of economics, this standardized way of measuring utility had rising popularity. Surprisingly, the interdisciplinary discourse of Law & Economics has just recently started in the previous decades. In today’s world, the time has come to acknowledge the power of integrating Law & Economics as a most important approach to solve the most pressing issues of our contemporary tim...

How Human Rights, Courts, and Legal

Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws--simplicity, exactness, and objectivity--and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.

In order to understand the rules and intricacies of inheritance law, it is almost unavoidable to first understand some terms that are commonly encountered and known. However, there are three inheritance laws that apply in Indonesia, namely customary inheritance law, civil inheritance law, and Islamic inheritance law. Customary inheritance law is the legal rules that regulate the transmission and transition from century to century both tangible and intangible assets from generation to generation. A person becomes an heir according to civil inheritance law due to marriage and blood relations, wh...

The existence of criminal law is a necessity for a nation to regulate the lives of its citizens. Indonesia is a constitutional state that has experienced a long legal history. Prior to the independence, the Indonesian people were familiar with the customary laws and religious laws of each resident. Customary Law and Islamic Law were jointly obeyed by the people at that time. As a living law, both are the solution for society in facing legal disputes. It is not surprising, then, that besides Positive Law, which is known to originate from Western/Colonial Law, Islamic Law and Customary Law have ...

This work suggests that the discovery of good data-pruning metrics may provide a viable path forward to substantially improved neural scaling laws, thereby reducing the resource costs of modern deep learning.

Introduction - the scope of constitutional law sources of the constitution the structure of the United Kingdom the rule of law the separation of powers the Royal prerogative parliamentary sovereignty central government local government -an outline the electoral system introduction to the House of Commons the legislative process scrutiny of the executive the House of Lords parliamentary privilege the European Community and Union civil liberties the European Convention on Human Rights and fundamental freedoms state security judicial review of administrative action commissioners for administratio...

Written from a sport management perspective, rather than from a lawyer’s, this unique book covers all the major areas presented in sports law today including: cases relating to torts, contracts, intellectual property, and agents. Factual scenarios throughout the text allow students to critically examine and apply sport management principles to legal issues facing the sports executive. The early chapters provide an overview of sports law in general terms and explore its impact on race, politics, religion, and everyday affairs. Later chapters address hot button issues such as gender equity, drug...

The textbook outlines the course "Environmental Law". Special attention is paid to modern problems of environmental law and innovations in the environmental legislation of Russia. Using scientific literature, the issues of environmental safety, the role of innovations and regional factors in the implementation of environmental protection are highlighted. Such issues as environmental human rights, civil liability for environmental offenses and problems of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety are considered. The normative material is given as of June 1, 2021. Meets the requirements of the fed...

The purpose of this article is to discuss the problem of a definition and classification of canon law. It has been examined whether canon law can be treated as a foreign law from the perspective of the national legal order. Considerations were made regarding the need to admit evidence from an expert in the field of canon law or religious studies in court proceedings involving church legal entities or clergy. Regardless of how the relationship between the civil law (state law) and the canon law is shaped, it is necessary to take into account that a person may be subject also to canon law. A sim...

"A compelling reworking of an administrative law classic. The first two editions of Law and Administration set new standards for empirically-grounded administrative law scholarship. Admirers of the text in its previous manifestations will quickly recognise the new edition's distinctive (and inimitable) interweaving of theory, doctrine and insightful case studies, all underpinned by meticulous research. This fascinating update demands attention from all those studying this fast-moving field." - Thomas Poole, London School of Economics and Political SciencesThis definitive textbook explores the ...

This book explains how Roman law worked for those who lived by it, by viewing it in the light of the society and economy in which it operated. Written in an accessible style with the minimum of legal technicality, the book is designed for students and teachers of Roman history as well as interested general readers. Topics covered include the family and inheritance, property and the use of land, business and commercial transactions, and litigation. In this second edition, all chapters have been extensively revised and updated, and a new chapter on crime and punishment has been included. The boo...

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Philosophy is an attempt to fundamentally study and express a man's depiction in the world towards the afterlife. The object is material and formal. Through this normalization of human behavior, the law traces almost all areas of human life. Legal philosophy analyzes the legal principles and answers questions related to legal problems in both normative and empirical juridical forms so that legal objectives can be achieved, namely for improvement in human life. The method of approach used is normative juridical, analytical descriptive research specifications are expected to provide a detailed, ...

This work finds that pre-training effectively multiplies the fine-tuning dataset size, and believes the exponents in these power-laws correspond to measures of the generality of a model and proximity of distributions (in a directed rather than symmetric sense).

Legal knowledge is boring, and some content is not related to their life experience. To impart such complex knowledge to students, as a teacher, you must improve your professional skills, actively explore, learn, and find the best teaching methods. Only in this way can the students’ understanding of legal knowledge and thinking ability be expanded, and the boring legal knowledge can be more specific, visualized, popular, life-oriented, and easy to understand, so that students can master and understand legal knowledge and transform it into their own practical actions. This article is mainly aim...

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We study A Dictionary of Modern Italian by John Purves. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in absence of external magnetic field. H is external magnetic field, β is 1 kBT where, T is temperature and kB is the Boltzmann constant. Moreover, we compare the Italian language with other Romance languages. T...

The purpose of this research is to investigate the fair trial for people with multiple citizenships in an analytical-inferential research method, and the method for information collecting is library method and note-taking method. The considered statistical group includes people with double or multiple citizenships who need a fair trial in international courts. A partial look at the conditions of proceedings of people with multiple citizenships in Iran and along with it a brief look at the legal field of the research in a way that was done in order to get to know the subject. Regarding this iss...

Law enforcement is an effort to uphold and implement the values of justice outlined in formal regulations. However, a significant obstacle often arises from the actions of law enforcement officers conflicting with existing laws. This article discusses law enforcement in Indonesia from the perspective of equality before the law, using a juridical-empirical research method through literature review. The results indicate several deviations in the law enforcement process that hinder the realization of the principle of equality before the law. One of the main causes is the morality of law enforceme...

The Indonesian state, although the country is not an Islamic state, but in terms of Islamic legal values, both partially and completely, which are the substantive norms in various laws and regulations in Indonesia, such as the Marriage Law, Waqf Law, Hajj Law, Banking Law (both Law No. /1998 as well as Law 21/2008). The Islamic criminal law that has been implemented is in the Province of Aceh Darus Salam, which is only a small part. This study aims to determine the description of Islamic law, Islamic criminal law, and to determine the purpose of Islamic law and Indonesian criminal law. This st...

Why law matters for computer scientists and other folk is explored in the second of a two-part series on legal ethics and technology.

Contract law's key tasks include the creation, interpretation, and enforcement of agreements between parties. As a result, contract law is seen as an essential component of all types of legal systems. However, due to the distinct historical, cultural, and judicial contexts of common law and civil law states, the development of contract law has taken a different path in each of these jurisdictions. A comparison is made between the core ideas, central concepts, and different approaches that are characteristic of contract law in common law and civil law regimes. the beginnings and development of ...

The book provides scholars, lawyers, and law students with a comparative overview of the law of civil liability for injuries arising outside of contract in five major legal systems in the common law and civil law traditions: England, the United States, France, Germany, and Italy. The book analyzes a number of foundational issues that lie at the core of tort law in all the jurisdictions surveyed, and takes them as points of comparison for appreciating commonalities and differences between the common law and the civil law traditions, as well as within each of these traditions. The analysis cover...

1. At a time when the government has initiated reviews of administrative law and the Human Rights Act 1998, this is a suitable occasion for me to revisit the scope of judicial law-making. I have written on this subject before, but have not written an article which focusses solely on public law. In this article I seek to place modern developments in constitutional law and public law in their historical context, discuss the circumstances which have enhanced the role of the judiciary in our society, and examine the necessary limitations on the judicial role.

Abstract The present article seeks to identify the particular culture that undergirds the practice of EU law, by drawing from Paul Kahn’s Cultural Analysis of Law. It will do so by extracting from his work certain models for understanding the imaginative life of a political community, most importantly those of the rule of law and of political action, which in Kahn’s observation of American realities stand in competition to one another. This will lead us, first, to consider the particular place held by European integration, as a messianic project of collective transformation. While this might s...

Polygamy as a solution for married couples who have certain problems still leaves a number of problems among Indonesian Muslims. The legal norms governing polygamy have become meaningless with the rise of unrecorded polygamy by certain people who find it difficult to practice polygamy formally in Indonesia. The dichotomy of Islamic law and legal law often triggers this problem, which is always up to date, even though these two norms can be synchronized by adopting the values of benefit which are not partial to husband and wife. This article aims to describe the harmonization of polygamy betwee...

Laws serve as normative prescriptions to guide human behavior in social life, ensuring the proper functioning of a society. However, the adoption of the omnibus law concept in Indonesia does not guarantee immediate perfection. To address this, an additional instrument, known as a consolidated text, is necessary to create systematic and easily understandable legal products for the public. This study aims to explore the application of consolidated texts in other countries and examine how they can be implemented in Indonesia's law formation process, particularly in relation to the omnibus law con...

Several years ago, I received an invitation to travel to Geneva to participate in a discussion on issues related to detention and treatment of captives at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. I was excited to visit Geneva for the first time, although I knew it would be a challenging topic and audience. As the US Army’s former senior international humanitarian law (IHL) adviser turned law professor, I looked forward to the opportunity to rebut some of the assumptions about my views that I expected to be confronted with. When I learned that I would be sharing the stage with Professor Marco Sassòli, I was,...

Corporate purpose should be at the heart of corporate law. This article addresses objections that corporate law already permits firms to determine their purposes, and companies would not in any event do more than at present in formulating their purposes. It argues, first, that critics of the law of corporate purpose have failed to recognize that purpose can address divergences of private interests of corporations from public interests of society and the natural world. Second, the law provides a means of commitment to delivery of long-term prosperity. At present, the law fails to protect compan...

ABSTRACT Purpose of the study: This research analyzes the relationship between state law and customary law and Constitutional Court judgment in strengthening the rights of indigenous peoples and legal protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. Methodology: This article used normative legal research. Normative legal research is a scientific research procedure based on the logic of jurisprudence (doctrine) to seek truth from a normative perspective, which is conducted in the literature study in the form of relevant legal regulations and norms, especially in the Constitutional Court Judgment...

The article analyzes the processes of constitutionalization of international law. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the functions and principles of international law that determine the actions of subjects of international legal relations, to assess the potential of constitutional international law to ensure the constitutional legal order. The methodological strategy is built on the synthesis of general scientific and special private law methods. The main emphasis is placed on three main aspects of the constitutionalization of international law: the general values of the international...

Kaarlo Tuori’s latest book aims to provide an examination of modern law’s main properties – as he puts it, a ‘legal-theoretical recapitulation’. Three properties in particular characterise modern law: sociality, normativity, and plurality. Sociality, because law would not exist without society. Normativity, because how normativity appears in law takes different forms. Plurality, because law exists under conditions of plurality, both in the sense that there is no one type of law and that multiple legal orders co-exist and engage constantly, sometimes overlapping, sometimes in conflict. Tuori’s ...

This work studies how the gold reward model score changes as the authors optimize against the proxy reward model using either reinforcement learning or best-of-$n$ sampling, and finds that this relationship follows a different functional form depending on the method of optimization, and that in both cases its coefficients scale smoothly with the number of reward model parameters.

This article rigorously exposes the definition and basic properties of conservation laws, that define quantities conserved during gradient flows of a given model with any training data and any loss, and provides algorithms to compute the maximal number of independent conservation laws.

Adat badamai is one form of dispute resolution commonly carried out by the Banjar people. Adat Badamai is also meant as a result of the process of deliberation in the discussion together with the intention of achieving a decision as a solution to a problem. Adat Badamai is done in order to avoid disputes that can endanger the social order. This study aims to determine the existence of Badamai Customary Law in Banjar Community, Kalimantan. The study was conducted by using socio-legal approach in analyzing the role of modern regulation with the customary practices. results showed that the existe...

Indonesia is a state of law related to the disparity in the decisions of different judges in deciding a case, especially in criminal decisions. A more in-depth study is needed, especially in the case of rape, where in rape cases in Indonesia, several judges have sentenced them to death. This study aims to uncover and explore the Internalization of Progressive Islamic Law (Mashlahat) in Amending Criminal Law in the Death Penalty by Judges Against Defendants in Rape Cases in Indonesia. Progressive Islamic Law promoting peace (Mashlahat) can realize legal protection and peace for the people of In...

Abstract: Omnibus Law which seeks to simplify 79 laws  and 1288 articles. The Omnibus Law, a number of articles has the potential to remove the protection of rights, obsess over the human rights of citizens, particularly in relation to civil and political, economic, social and cultural rights, and with regard to law enforcement for environmental destroyers who are weak. The research used socio-legal research methods. The results of the study are the limitations in prosecuting perpetrators of ecoside crimes only in war crimes, making it difficult to hold responsibility for crimes committed, bot...

ABSTRACT Crypto assets and their legal qualification hold an important place in the international legal arena. There are many public and private law aspects of crypto assets that require clarification. The first difficulty lies in defining what a crypto asset is. There are many different taxonomies of crypto assets, and these vary globally. Another challenging area which demands attention is whether crypto assets bear the features of objects of ‘property’ in private law. The answer to this question is important because it affects various areas of law, such as tax law, securities law, insolvenc...

I not I use the word "condition", for the reason that we are talking about recognition of States, we have our tests, and the traditional tests are whether there is a defined territorial area and whether the government has effective control within those territorial frontiers, and whether that government has effective manage-ment over its external forces. Those are historical tests of recognition of States, and therefore their adherence to treaties is not a condition of recognition.

This article reviews the history of race laws in the United States as distinct from the rule of law, an idea found in the writing and speeches of Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, the first African American PhD in economics (1921). We review the race laws of slavery, lynching, Negro Jobs, and the making of the Black ghetto. We highlight the life and writings of Alexander and other early African American economists as an example of the cost of racial exclusion in the economics profession and how it has impeded the production of useful knowledge about the workings of the US economy. (JEL J15, K38,...

This work analyzes a random feature model trained with gradient descent as a solvable model of network training and generalization and predicts an asymmetric compute-optimal scaling rule where the number of training steps are increased faster than model parameters, consistent with recent empirical observations.

The views of people living with dementia, carers, professionals, and over-55s were explored on implications of current laws on sexuality in dementia and common themes across stakeholders were law reform needed and shame and stigma associated with policing of their sexuality.