Top Research Papers on Law

Newly revised and expanded, The Law of Armed Conflict, 2nd edition introduces law students and undergraduates to the law of war in an age of terrorism. What law of armed conflict (LOAC), or its civilian counterpart, international humanitarian law (IHL), applies in a particular armed conflict? Are terrorists legally bound by that law? What constitutes a war crime? What (or who) is a lawful target and how are targeting decisions made? What are 'rules of engagement' and who formulates them? How can an autonomous weapon system be bound by the law of armed conflict? Why were the Guantanamo military...

Recently, many metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been developed to address real-world issues. In this study, a new physics-based metaheuristic called Fick's law optimization (FLA) is presented, in which Fick's first rule of diffusion is utilized. According to Fick's law of diffusion, molecules tend to diffuse from higher to lower concentration areas. Many experimental series are done to test FLA's performance and ability in solving different optimization problems. Firstly, FLA is tested using twenty well-known benchmark functions and thirty CEC2017 test functions. Secondly, five real-...

Abstract This book is a comprehensive and interdisciplinary account of the techniques used to regulate multinational enterprises (MNEs) at the national, regional and multilateral levels. The book considers the effects of corporate self-regulation, and the impact of civil society and community groups upon the development of the legal order in this area. It has been thoroughly revised and updated for this third edition. The book is split into four parts. Part I deals with the conceptual basis for MNE regulation. It explains the growth of MNEs, their business and legal forms and the relationship ...

Abstract This book examines the place of the concept of constituent power in constitutional history, focusing on the legal and institutional implications that theorists, politicians, and judges have derived from it. It shows that constituent power, even though having historically been associated with extra-legality and violations of the constitutional order, has played important functions in the making of determinations of legal validity. Constitutional courts have employed it to justify their jurisdiction to invalidate constitutional amendments that alter the fundamental structure of the cons...

The aim of this book is to provide a history of law and social control in the 20th Century from the perspective of a post-modern perspective.

Almost five years have passed since the first successful edition of this work and for various reasons it was time for a new edition. Much relevant case law and legal literature have since been published which requires treatment. Furthermore, several hard and soft laws relevant to the book have under­gone important changes, making a new edition necessary: the enactment of the new Chinese Civil Code, the French Civil Code following extensive reforms in 2016, the UNI­DROIT Principles now apply as amended in 2016, and the INCOTERMS 2020 replace the former INCOTERMS 2010. Praise for the 1st edition...

Principles of Property Law offers a critical and contextual analysis of fundamental property law concepts and principles, providing students with the necessary tools to enable them to make sense of English land law rules in the context of real world applications. This new book adopts a contextual approach, placing the core elements of a qualifying law degree property and land law course in the context of general property principles and practices as they have developed in the UK and other jurisdictions in response to a changing societal relationship with a range of tangible and intangible thing...

The article focuses on the links between criminal law and philosophy as well as the foundations of philosophy and criminal law. The author notes that in modern conditions criminal law can develop only relying on philosophy and shows how philosophy affects the understanding of the need to transform criminal law. Modern criminal law needs to be reflected. Life is changing, so the role of law in it is changing, too. Criminal law can no longer perform its functions in the way it used to. If we fail to understand this, we will not be able to move forward in our development. We will have to move a l...

Embryo research, cloning, assisted conception, neonatal care, pandemic vaccine development, saviour siblings, organ transplants, drug trials – modern developments have transformed the field of medicine almost beyond recognition in recent decades and the law struggles to keep up. In this highly acclaimed and very accessible book Margaret Brazier, Emma Cave and Rob Heywood provide an incisive survey of the legal situation in areas as diverse as fertility treatment, patient consent, assisted dying, malpractice and medical privacy. The seventh edition of this book has been fully revised with 100 n...

Abstract International law, though formally neutral among regime types, has mainly been a product of liberal democracies since World War II. In light of recent challenges to the liberal international order, this Article asks, what would international law look like in an increasingly authoritarian world? As compared with democratic countries, authoritarians emphasize looser cooperation, negotiated settlements, and rules that reinforce regime survival. This raises the possibility of authoritarian international law, designed to extend authoritarian rule across time and space.

This new edition outlines important case law developments on the law on mental capacity and euthanasia, including the Alfie Evans and Tafida Raqeeb litigation, case law interpreting the Mental Capacity Act, and the Court of Appeal in Conway.

Abstract We compile observations of molecular gas contents and infrared-based star formation rates (SFRs) for 112 circumnuclear star-forming regions, in order to reinvestigate the form of the disk-averaged Schmidt surface density star-formation law in starbursts. We then combine these results with total gas and SFR surface densities for 153 nearby nonstarbursting disk galaxies from de los Reyes & Kennicutt (2019), to investigate the properties of the combined star formation law, following Kennicutt (1998). We confirm that the combined Schmidt law can be fitted with a single power law with ...

This comprehensive textbook provides a thorough guide to the economic analysis of law, with a particular focus on civil law systems. It encapsulates a structured analysis and nuanced evaluation of norms and legal policies, using the tools of economic theory.

Established in 1959, the Virginia Journal of International Law (VJIL) was a student-edited law review at the University of Virginia School of Law. It was among the world's most influential international law journals, and pieces published in the journal had been cited by the Supreme Court of the United States and the International Court of Justice, among many other highly prestigious courts. Despite this, it faced numerous operational challenges, including long publication lead times, missed publication dates, and financial uncertainty. The case allows students to practice problem solving throu...

Understanding the properties of dust attenuation curves in galaxies and the physical mechanisms that shape them are among the fundamental questions of extragalactic astrophysics, with great practical significance for deriving the physical properties of galaxies. Attenuation curves result from a combination of dust grain properties, dust content, and the spatial arrangement of dust and different populations of stars. In this review, we assess the state of the field, paying particular attention to extinction curves as the building blocks of attenuation laws. We introduce a quantitative framework...

Since its first publication in 1979, Law, Ethics, and the Visual Arts has been the foundational text in the field of art law. This thoroughly reorganized and updated sixth edition takes a fresh look at primary materials and commentary from previous editions, extending the book's analysis with significant changes in format and content to reflect changes in the field. The book has multiple uses and audiences: a text for courses in law schools and graduate programs, a reference work for lawyers and museum professionals, and a lively read - filled with engaging legal stories and colorful anecdotes...

People obey the law if they believe it's legitimate, not because they fear punishment--this is the startling conclusion of Tom Tyler's classic study. Tyler suggests that lawmakers and law enforcers would do much better to make legal systems worthy of respect than to try to instill fear of punishment. He finds that people obey law primarily because they believe in respecting legitimate authority. In his fascinating new afterword, Tyler brings his book up to date by reporting on new research into the relative importance of legal legitimacy and deterrence, and reflects on changes in his own think...

Abstract This updated and revised fourth edition sets out a Black Letter text of international humanitarian law accompanied by case analysis and extensive explanatory commentary. The book takes account of recent legal developments, such as the 2017 Nuclear Weapons Prohibition Treaty, as well as the ongoing debate on many old and new issues including the notion of direct participation in hostilities; air and missile warfare; military operations in outer space; military cyber operations; belligerent occupation; operational detention; and the protection of the environment in relation to armed con...

How well can AI models write law school exams without human assistance? To find out, we used the widely publicized AI model ChatGPT to generate answers on four real exams at the University of Minnesota Law School. We then blindly graded these exams as part of our regular grading processes for each class. Over 95 multiple choice questions and 12 essay questions, ChatGPT performed on average at the level of a C+ student, achieving a low but passing grade in all four courses. After detailing these results, we discuss their implications for legal education and lawyering. We also provide example pr...

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopted in 1969 and entering into force in 1980, stands as a cornerstone in international law, providing a comprehensive framework for the formation, interpretation, and termination of treaties between sovereign states.This abstract offers a succinct overview of the treaty, highlighting its key principles and contributions to the development of international legal norms.The Convention begins by defining the terms and scope of treaties, emphasizing the principle of pacta sunt servanda, which underscores the fundamental obligation of states to fulfil...

New approaches include three-dimensional (3D) integration that will focus on increasing the rate of information processing, rather than on Increasing the density of transistors on a chip.

Law and Justice as Seen on TV examines the impact, significance, and social and political problems raised by the enormous onslaught of law-related television programming, both fiction and nonfiction, in the years since the rise of live televised trials as major media events. The book weaves together the various strands—media history and analysis, legal history and policy, and the national turn to the political right in the last decades—which gave birth to this trend and has kept it thriving and growing, by leaps and bounds, to the present day. Beginning with the history of courtroom drama on T...

This is a contemporary introduction to comparative law, tracing its history, aims and functions and increasing relevance in a rapidly changing world. Topics covered include the origins of civil law and common law traditions, non-Western legal systems and the implications of the EC law as a supranational legal system. It also sharts the decline of the socialist legal tradition in Eastern Europe, the unification of Germany, and the emergence of the new Russian Federation. A comparative study of statutory interpretations and approches to case law is included.

This new edition of a textbook first published in 2000 provides a comprehensive account of the law of treaties from the viewpoint of two experienced practitioners. It draws on the combined experience of Anthony Aust, the original author, and Jeremy Hill, until recently Legal Counsellor in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, London. The book provides a wealth of examples of the problems experienced with treaties on a daily basis. The authors explore numerous precedents from treaties and other related documents, such as non-legally binding instruments. Using clear and accessible la...

In modern markets, many companies offer so-called 'free' services and monetize consumer data they collect through those services. This paper argues that consumer law and data protection law can usefully complement each other. Data protection law can also inform the interpretation of consumer law. Using consumer rights, consumers should be able to challenge excessive collection of their personal data. Consumer organizations have used consumer law to tackle data protection infringements. The interplay of data protection law and consumer protection law provides exciting opportunities for a more i...

This Article offers a new way to understand the enforcement of domestic and international law that we call “outcasting.” Unlike the distinctive method that modern states use to enforce their law, outcasting is nonviolent: it does not rely on bureaucratic organizations, such as police or militia, that employ physical force to maintain order. Instead, outcasting involves denying the disobedient the benefits of social cooperation and membership. Law enforcement through outcasting in domestic law can be found throughout history - from medieval Iceland and classic canon law to modern-day public law...

Experimental results in which pressurized ice at its melting temperature is slid over a water-saturated till bed motivate a generalized slip law for glacier-flow models that combines processes of hard-bedded sliding and bed deformation.

Abstract The second edition of this leading work on international environmental law investigates the ways in which international environmental law is developed, implemented, and enforced. Rather than focusing on only some aspects of the international environmental process, it examines the process as a whole, from beginning to end, synthesizing recent research on international environmental negotiations, treaty design, social norms, policy implementation, and effectiveness. The book sketches the context of contemporary international environmental law, including its history, the causes of global...

Do states have a duty to assimilate refugees to their own citizens? Are refugees entitled to freedom of movement, to be allowed to work, to have access to public welfare programs, or to be reunited with family members? Indeed, is there even a duty to admit refugees at all? This fundamentally rewritten second edition of the award-winning treatise presents the only comprehensive analysis of the human rights of refugees set by the UN Refugee Convention and international human rights law. It follows the refugee's journey from flight to solution, examining every rights issue both historically and b...

How European food law impacts the transformative potential of alternative proteins, including single-cell proteins, plant-based novel proteins, cultured meat, macroalgae, and insects is asked.

European Private International Law of Obligations, 978-3-16-160527-7, Acts and Documents of an International Colloquium on the European Preliminary Draft Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual and Non-Contractual Obligations held in Copenhagen on April 29 and 30, 1974 Ed. by Ole Lando, Bernd von Hoffmann and Kurt Siehr

A bstract In axion-Maxwell theory at the minimal axion-photon coupling, we find non-invertible 0- and 1-form global symmetries arising from the naive shift and center symmetries. Since the Gauss law is anomalous, there is no conserved, gauge-invariant, and quantized electric charge. Rather, using half higher gauging, we find a non-invertible Gauss law associated with a non-invertible 1-form global symmetry, which is related to the Page charge. These symmetries act invertibly on the axion field and Wilson line, but non-invertibly on the monopoles and axion strings, leading to selection rules re...

A simple and robust scaling law is revealed that captures the temporal and spatial spectrum of population movement on the basis of large-scale mobility data from diverse cities around the globe and gives rise to prominent spatial clusters with an area distribution that follows Zipf's law.

An updated view of what a post-exascale system will look like and the challenges ahead are provided, based on the most recent understanding of technology roadmaps.

Larger models are significantly more sample-efficient, such that optimally compute-efficient training involves training very large models on a relatively modest amount of data and stopping significantly before convergence.

Abstract The second edition of this leading reference work provides a comprehensive discussion of the dynamic and important field of international law concerned with environmental protection. The handbook discusses the key principles underpinning international environmental law, its relevant actors and tools, and rules applying in its substantive sub-fields such as climate law, oceans law, wildlife and biodiversity law, and hazardous substances regulation. It also explores the intersection of international environmental law with other areas of international law, such as those concerned with tr...

Covid-19 — The Law and Limits of Quarantine Community transmission of the new coronavirus is occurring in several parts of the United States, and travel bans and mandatory quarantines alone cannot protect against this virus.

According to this analysis, throughout the work and in the conclusions, International Law is identified as the principal legal framework for the regulation of AI.

Abstract This book is a comprehensive description and analysis of every facet of EU Justice and Home Affairs Law regarding immigration and asylum – in particular EU law on asylum (definition of refugees, rights of asylum seekers), legal immigration (admission of labour migrants, students, and family reunion, and obtaining long-term residence), irregular immigration, visas, and border controls. It examines the human rights aspects of the issues, and discusses every piece of EU legislation and all EU court case law in the field, including proposed legislation in areas such as asylum, legal migra...

Abstract This book is a comprehensive description and analysis of every facet of EU Justice and Home Affairs law concerning policing, criminal law, and cross-border civil cooperation—in particular EU law on cross-border criminal law cooperation (such as the European Arrest Warrant, the European Investigation Order, and new rules on electronic evidence), fair trials (including presumption of innocence and access to lawyer) and victims’ rights, substantive criminal law, jurisdiction over crimes, Eurojust and the European Public Prosecutor’s Office, protection against double jeopardy, policing (i...