Organisation of design activities: opportunistic, with hierarchical episodes
Interacting with ComputersPublished 1 September 1994Open access
Willemien Visser
Citations100
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
The paper is preceded by its "Executive summary", pp. 235-238
Keywords
Decision SciencesEngineeringBusiness, Management and Accounting
Henry Holt and Co eBooksPlans and the structure of behavior.
4,538 Citations1960George A. Miller, Eugene Galanter +1 more
Toward a general theory of expertise : prospects and limits
1,787 Citations1991K. Anders Ericsson, Jacqui Smith
The author examines the role of symbolic connectionism in the development of third-generation theories of expertise, which has applications in medicine, sport, dance, and other domains.
Cognitive ScienceA Cognitive Model of Planning*
1,199 Citations1979Barbara Hayes‐Roth, Frederick Hayes‐Roth
A cognitive model of the planning process that generalizes the theoretical architecture of the Hearsay-II system and illustrates its assumptions with a “thinking aloud” protocol is presented and the performance of a computer simulation of the model is described.
Artificial IntelligencePlanning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces
1,163 Citations1974Earl D. Sacerdoti
Examples of the ABSTRIPS system's performance are presented that demonstrate the significant increases in problem-solving power that this approach provides, and some further implications of the hierarchical planning approach are explored.
Artificial IntelligencePlanning for conjunctive goals
1,110 Citations1987David Chapman
Theorems that suggest that efficient general purpose planning with more expressive action representations is impossible are presented, and ways to avoid this problem are suggested.
Design StudiesThe primary generator and the design process
532 Citations1979Jane Darke
A model of the design process of some architects who had been interviewed earlier is suggested, consisting of generator-conjecture-analysis, with a broad initial objective or small set of objectives, self-imposed by the architect, a value judgement rather than the product of rationality.
Human-Computer InteractionDesigning the Design Process: Exploiting Opportunistic Thoughts
393 Citations1990Raymonde Guindon
It is shown that top-down decomposition is problematic in the early stages of design and an opportunistic decompositions is better suited to handle the ill-structuredness of design problems.
IEEE Transactions on Software EngineeringThe Role of Domain Expenence in Software Design
391 Citations1985Beth Adelson, Elliot Soloway
The knowledge and skills that were central to each of the above contexts are described and discussed and the functional utility of each is discussed.
Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)The Processes Involved in Designing Software.
369 Citations1980Michael E. Atwood, Robin Jeffries +2 more
This paper describes the design schema of experienced software designers and illustrates its operation by considering thinking-aloud protocols collected from both expert and novice designers.
Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturingA model of the mechanical design process based on empirical data
329 Citations1988David G. Ullman, Thomas G. Dietterich +1 more
The task/episode accumulation model (TEA model) of non-routine mechanical design was developed after detailed analysis of the audio and video protocols of five mechanical designers and is able to explain the behavior of designers at much finer level of detail than previous models.
The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivationProblem-Solving Skill in the Social Sciences
294 Citations1983James F. Voss, Terry R. Greene +2 more
Design Problem Solving: Knowledge Structures and Control Strategies
264 Citations1989David C. Brown, Bharath Chandrasekaran
This work provides a perspective on design problem solving in the context of expert systems and outlines a general theory of knowledge-based reasoning and an expert system for design built according to these ideas is described.
Readings in Planning
249 Citations1990Austin Tate, James Hendler +1 more
This book is to bring together in one place a set of readings that can be used to develop a familiarity with the planning literature, with the major AI theory underlying planning, and with the exciting directions of current research.
International Journal of Man-Machine StudiesMore or less following a plan during design: opportunistic deviations in specification
173 Citations1990Willemien Visser
This paper analyses when and how alternative-to-the-plan actions come up, the degree of plan deviation, the design components and the definitional aspects which are most affected by these deviations, and the deviation patterns.
International Journal of Man-Machine StudiesCognitive processes in design
163 Citations1980Ashok Malhotra, John Thomas +2 more
A model of design is developed that consists of 3 interacting processes: goal elaboration, design generation and design evaluation, which shows that design specifications are often incorrect and incomplete with different designers paying more or less attention to different aspects of the design.
CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)Cognitive psychology of planning
105 Citations1988Jean‐Michel Hoc
This chapter discusses planning in Psychological Activity: Analysis of Activity in Context and the Implementation of Planning: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Strategies in Planning.
Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)Modeling planning as an incremental, opportunistic process
92 Citations1979Barbara Hayes‐Roth, Frederick Hayes‐Roth +2 more
A model of planning is presented and the current version of an INTERLISP simulation of the model is described and psychological results which confirm the model's basic assumptions for human planning behavior are confirmed.
Elsevier eBooksExpert Software Design Strategies
89 Citations1990Willemien Visser, Jean‐Michel Hoc
The main components of design strategies actually implemented by expert programmers are presented here, and consequences are drawn for the specification of design support tools, as well as for programmers' training.
International Journal of Intelligent SystemsA model of software design
87 Citations1986Beth Adelson, Elliot Soloway
A preliminary cognitive model of the process of software design is presented and a model of expert problem‐solving skills for a task in which domain knowledge played an extensive role is developed.
Exploration and Innovation in Design: Towards a Computational Model
80 Citations1990D. Navinchandra
Research Showcase @ Carnegie Mellon University (Carnegie Mellon University)Knowledge Compilation: The General Learning Mechanism
69 Citations2018John R. Anderson
Elsevier eBooksThe Tasks of Programming
65 Citations1990Nancy Pennington, Beatrice Grabowski
It is argued that this is a fundamental feature of programming deriving from the cognitive characteristics of the subtasks, the high uncertainty in programming environments, and the social nature of the environments in which complex software development takes place.
Elsevier eBooksExpert Programming Knowledge: A Schema-based Approach
64 Citations1990Françoise Détienne
This chapter focuses on the role of expert programming knowledge in comprehension in the ‘schema-based approach’ while data that support schema-based models of understanding suggest limitations of the former kind of models.
Elsevier eBooksHuman Cognition and Programming
59 Citations1990Thomas C. Ormerod
The computational metaphor is outlined, and the following issues central to information processing are described: knowledge representation, schemas, production rules, procedural and declarative knowledge, attentional and memory resources, semantic memory, problem solving, skill acquisition, and mental models.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)Strategies in programming programmable controllers: A field study on a professional programmer
54 Citations1987Willemien Visser
This paper focuses on the strategies used, under the hypothesis that they differ, at least partially, from those observed to date in most novice, student programmers working on artificial, limited problems.
Behaviour and Information TechnologyCharacterizing the program design activity: neither strictly top-down nor globally opportunistic
52 Citations1991Simon P. Davies
From this perspective, program design is seen to deviate from the top-down, breadth-first model proposed by previous studies, and is viewed as opportunistic in the sense that elements of the design can be created a...
Knowledge-Based SystemsDesigners' activities examined at three levels: organization, strategies and problem-solving processes
44 Citations1992Willemien Visser
The paper presents the type of analysis that cognitive psychology makes of the mental activities involved in design at three levels: the way in which designers organize their activity, the main strategies that they adopt, and the problem-solving processes that they use.
Elsevier eBooksExpert Programming Knowledge: A Strategic Approach
41 Citations1990David J. Gilmore
This chapter considers an alternative to the ‘programming plan’ view of programming expertise, namely that expert programmers have a much wider repertoire of strategies available to them as they program than do novices.
Human Nonadversary Problem Solving
39 Citations1989Richard E. Mayer
The purpose of this chapter is to examine briefly the nature of human nonadversary problem solving and how an information-processing model of problem solving—inspired by and implemented on computers—can serve as the basis for a theory of human problem solving.
Requirements and design of DesignVision and object-oriented graphical interface to an intelligent software design assistant
31 Citations1992Raymonde Guindon
Key findings from empirical studies—early design is opportunistic; critical role of pictures in design conception; impact of various cognitive limitations— have very effectively determined requirements and design for a set of tools to support early design.
The American Journal of PsychologyAspects of Solution Structure in Design Problem Solving
31 Citations1980John M. Carroll, John Thomas +2 more
International Journal of Human-Computer InteractionTowards a cognitive browser for OOPS
28 Citations1992T. R. G. Green, David J. Gilmore +3 more
This work describes the problems in terms of “cognitive dimensions” of notational systems and proposes a scheme for attaching a “description level” in which arbitrary attributes and relationships can be recorded in a ‘browsable’ form.
arXiv (Cornell University)Reasoning from a schema and from an analog in software code reuse
28 Citations2007Françoise Détienne
International Journal of Man-Machine StudiesVariability in program design: the interaction of process with knowledge
28 Citations1990Robert S. Rist
A model of program design is proposed to explain program variability, and is experimentally supported; Variability is shown to be the result of different decisions made by programmers during three stages in the design process.
Computer-Aided DesignAn analysis and comparison of knowledge use in designing with and without CAD
27 Citations1986Andy Whitefield
The findings suggest that, with CAD, an increased requirement for knowledge of how to draw interferes with the designer's application of knowledge relevant to the specific problem, casting doubt on the claim that CAD affords the designer the freedom to be more creative than with manual design methods.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)Variations in expertise: Implications for the design of assistance systems
13 Citations1989Pierre Falzon, Willemien Visser
The paper presents an investigation of the differences between two experts in the same domain and the observed differences concern comparisons between domain objects, rule justifications, and categorical knowledge.
Design organization : there is more to expert knowledge than is dreamed of in the planner's philosophy
3 Citations1992Willemien Visser
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)L'activité de comparaison de représentations dans la mise au point de programmes
3 Citations1988Willemien Visser