Energetics of Human Walking
Advances in behavioral biologyPublished 1 January 1976
Henry J. Ralston
Citations83
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TL;DR
It is shown that a hyperbolic equation adequately predicts energy expenditure over the entire range of normal walking speeds, while an equation of quadratic form is adequate for speeds up to about 100 m/min, and also predictsEnergy expenditure at competition speeds.
Abstract
Equations predicting the energy expenditure during human walking are discussed. It is shown that a hyperbolic equation adequately predicts energy expenditure over the entire range of normal walking speeds, while an equation of quadratic form is adequate for speeds up to about 100 m/min, and also predicts energy expenditure at competition speeds.
Keywords
Physics and Astronomy
European Journal of Applied PhysiologyEnergy-speed relation and optimal speed during level walking
551 Citations1958Henry J. Ralston
Energy expenditures in 12 male and 7 female untrained adult subjects were measured with Max Planck respirometers while walking in the laboratory at speeds of 24.4, 48.8, 73.2 and 97.6 meters/ min and the energy expenditure per unit distance walked was derived from the above equation.
European Journal of Applied PhysiologyOptimization of energy expenditure during level walking
431 Citations1974M.Y. Zarrugh, Frank Todd +1 more
An analytical relationship between the basic variables of walking — step rate, step length, and metabolic energy expenditure — is formulated with the aid of data derived from the only two complete studies in the literature, found to adequately relate energy expenditure to speed under moderate walking conditions.
Journal of Applied PhysiologyExternal work in walking
365 Citations1963G Cavagna, F. Saibene +1 more
From records obtained from a triple accelerometer applied to the trunk of a subject the displacements of the trunk in vertical, forward, and lateral directions have been calculated.
ErgonomicsTHE ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND MECHANICAL ENERGY DEMAND IN WALKING
197 Citations1960J. E. Cotes, F. Meade
The energy expenditure of walking at natural step frequency on the horizontal troadmill is linearly related to the vertical lift work which is the product of lift per step, stop frequency and body weight, but this relationship does not hold at arbitrary stop frequencies above and below those chosen spontaneously.
Journal of Applied PhysiologyEnergy expenditure in level and grade walking
163 Citations1960A. C. Bobbert
From the results it appears that Ew increases with the square of speed both in level and grade walking and that log EW increases linearly with the geometric angle (in degrees).
ErgonomicsMAN AS A SOURCE OF MECHANICAL POWER
135 Citations1960D. Wilkie
It is deduced from the published literature that the usable external power output of the body is limited in the following manner: in single movements to less than 6 h.
The Journal of PhysiologyThe relation of oxygen intake and velocity of walking and running, in competition walkers
86 Citations1968D. R. Menier, L. G. C. E. Pugh
The oxygen intake of four Olympic walkers was measured while walking and running at varying velocities on a treadmill at an altitude of 1800 m.
ErgonomicsEnergy Levels of Human Body Segments during Level Walking
75 Citations1969Henry J. Ralston, L. Lukin
It is shown that the energy level of the HAT tends to remain constant—except for a period during transition from stance to swing—and therefore acts as a semi-conservative system, and the main input of muscular work occurs during the period shortly preceding and following heel contact, agreeing with electromyographic studies of muscle activity during walking.
The Journal of PhysiologyThe expenditure of energy by men and women walking
57 Citations1957J Booyens, W. R. Keatinge
The expenditure of energy of ten men and ten women have been measured while they were walking in order to find out (1) the range of individual variation, (2) whether there is a sex difference.
European Journal of Applied PhysiologyThe influence of body weight on energy expenditure during walking on a road and on a treadmill
26 Citations1971C. H. Wyndham, W. H. Van Der Walt +3 more
Curves of O2 consumption/speed are non-linear and are markedly affected by body weight; both the intercept on the vertical axis and slope increases linearly with body weight.
American Journal of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationENERGY COST OF STAIR-CLIMBING IN NORMAL AND HEMIPLEGIC SUBJECTS
22 Citations1965G G Hirschberg, Henry J. Ralston
Attention was given to the effects of step height, step rate and type of climbing of heiniplegic patients on the energy cost of stair-climbing, which is commonly associated with cardiovascular and respiratory disease.