A Theory of Regret Regulation 1.0
Journal of Consumer PsychologyPublished 1 January 2007
Marcel Zeelenberg, Rik Pieters
Citations980
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score4.55
SNIP2.33
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
We propose a theory of regret regulation that distinguishes regret from related emotions, specifies the conditions under which regret is felt, the aspects of the decision that are regretted, and the behavioral implications. The theory incorporates hitherto scattered findings and ideas from psychology, economics, marketing, and related disciplines. By identifying strategies that consumers may employ to regulate anticipated and experienced regret, the theory identifies gaps in our current knowledge and thereby outlines opportunities for future research.
Keywords
PsychologySocial SciencesDecision Sciences
The American Catholic Sociological ReviewThe Social Psychology of Groups
5,949 Citations1959William F. Kenkel, John Thibaut +1 more
The Economic JournalRegret Theory: An Alternative Theory of Rational Choice Under Uncertainty
4,049 Citations1982Graham Loomes, Robert Sugden
The Journal of FinanceThe Disposition to Sell Winners Too Early and Ride Losers Too Long: Theory and Evidence
3,392 Citations1985Hersh Shefrin, Meir Statman
Psychological ReviewNorm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives.
3,007 Citations1986Daniel Kahneman, Dale T. Miller
Operations ResearchRegret in Decision Making under Uncertainty
2,991 Citations1982David E. Bell
By explicitly incorporating regret, expected utility theory not only becomes a better descriptive predictor but also may become a more convincing guide for prescribing behavior to decision makers.
Cognition & EmotionBeyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice
2,935 Citations2000Jennifer S. Lerner, Dacher Keltner
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyDevelopment and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
1,904 Citations1991Todd F. Heatherton, Janet Polivy
American PsychologistThe laws of emotion.
1,903 Citations1988Nico H. Frijda
It is argued that emotions are lawful phe- nomena and thus can be described in terms of a set of laws of emotion, which result from the operation of emotion mechanisms that are accessible to intentional control to only a limited extent.
Medical Decision MakingValidation of a Decision Regret Scale
1,441 Citations2003Jamie C. Brehaut, Annette M. O’Connor +5 more
The A5- item scale is a useful indicator of health care decision regret at a given point in time and was greater among those who changed their decisions than those who did not.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyIndividual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation.
1,344 Citations1999Frederick X. Gibbons, Bram P. Buunk
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyMaximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice.
1,332 Citations2002Barry Schwartz, Andrew Ward +4 more
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyMaximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice.
1,258 Citations2002Barry Schwartz, Andrew Ward +4 more
The present studies suggest that some people--maximizers--can feel worse off as the options they face increase, and the interaction between maximizing and choice is discussed in terms of regret, adaptation, and self-blame.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesAll Negative Moods Are Not Equal: Motivational Influences of Anxiety and Sadness on Decision Making
1,219 Citations1999Rajagopal Raghunathan, Michel Tuan Pham
Results from three experiments show that, in gambling decisions, as well as in job-selection decisions, sad individuals are biased in favor of high-risk/high-reward options, whereas anxious individuals are bias in Favor of low- risk/low-reWARD options.
Psychological BulletinCounterfactual thinking.
1,082 Citations1997Neal J. Roese
The author reviews research in support of the assertions that (a) counterfactual thinking is activated automatically in response to negative affect, (b) the content ofcounterfactuals targets particularly likely causes of misfortune, (c) counter Factuals produce negative affective consequences through a contrast-effect mechanism and positive inferential consequencesthrough a causal-inference mechanism, and (d) the net effect of counterfactUAL thinking is beneficial.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyIndividual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation.
1,071 Citations1999Frederick X. Gibbons, Bram P. Buunk
Development and validation of a measure of individual differences in social comparison orientation (the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure [INCOM]) are described, indicating that the scale has good psychometric properties.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyPhenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions.
1,071 Citations1994Ira J. Roseman, Cynthia Wiest +1 more
Psychological ReviewThe experience of regret: What, when, and why.
1,041 Citations1995Thomas Gilovich, Victoria Husted Medvec
The authors contend that this temporal pattern to the experience of regret is multiply determined, and present a framework to organize the divergent causal mechanisms that are responsible for it.
Journal of Behavioral Decision MakingAnticipated regret, expected feedback and behavioral decision making
881 Citations1999Marcel Zeelenberg
Journal of the Academy of Marketing ScienceAngry Customers don't Come Back, They Get Back: The Experience and Behavioral Implications of Anger and Dissatisfaction in Services
878 Citations2003Roger Bougie, Rik Pieters +1 more
Journal of Business ResearchBeyond valence in customer dissatisfaction
824 Citations2002Marcel Zeelenberg, Rik Pieters
Journal of Consumer ResearchThe Influence of Anticipating Regret and Responsibility on Purchase Decisions
797 Citations1992Itamar Simonson
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationThe Theory of Statistical Decision
789 Citations1951L. J. Savage
Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralEmotion-based choice.
784 Citations1999Barbara A. Mellers, Alan Schwartz +1 more
ScienceThe Involvement of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in the Experience of Regret
722 Citations2004Nathalie Camille, Giorgio Coricelli +4 more
Nature NeuroscienceRegret and its avoidance: a neuroimaging study of choice behavior
674 Citations2005Giorgio Coricelli, Hugo Critchley +4 more
It is demonstrated that medial orbitofrontal cortex modulates the gain of adaptive emotions in a manner that may provide a substrate for the influence of high-level emotions on decision making.
Current Directions in Psychological ScienceRegret in Decision Making
655 Citations2002Terry Connolly, Marcel Zeelenberg
Journal of International Business StudiesAn interpretive examination of the development of cultural sensitivity in international business
654 Citations2007Jon M. Shapiro, Julie L. Ozanne +1 more
Journal of MarketingDynamic Customer Relationship Management: Incorporating Future Considerations into the Service Retention Decision
613 Citations2002Katherine N. Lemon, Tiffany Barnett White +1 more
Journal of Consumer ResearchFocusing on the Forgone: How Value Can Appear So Different to Buyers and Sellers
490 Citations2000Ziv Carmon, Dan Ariely
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesConsequences of Regret Aversion: Effects of Expected Feedback on Risky Decision Making
450 Citations1996Marcel Zeelenberg, Jane Beattie +2 more
Feelings and Emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium
421 Citations2004Antony S. R. Manstead, Nico H. Frijda +1 more
Marketing ScienceA Generalized Utility Model of Disappointment and Regret Effects on Post-Choice Valuation
412 Citations1997J. Jeffrey Inman, James S. Dyer +1 more
Journal of Consumer ResearchRegret in Repeat Purchase versus Switching Decisions: The Attenuating Role of Decision Justifiability
394 Citations2002J. Jeffrey Inman, Marcel Zeelenberg
Health PsychologyEmotions and preventive health behavior: Worry, regret, and influenza vaccination.
377 Citations2006Gretchen B. Chapman, Elliot J. Coups
The role of worry, regret, and perceived risk in preventive health decisions was explored in a longitudinal questionnaire study on influenza vaccination among university employees and found that vaccinated individuals anticipated more regret and less worry than they actually experienced.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesEmotional Reactions to the Outcomes of Decisions: The Role of Counterfactual Thought in the Experience of Regret and Disappointment
375 Citations1998Marcel Zeelenberg, W. van Dijk +4 more
The results show that regret is related to behavior-focused counterfactual thought in which the decision-maker's own actions are changed, whereas disappointment is relatedto situation-focusedcounterfactual thinking in which aspects of the situation are changed.
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinWhat We Regret Most... and Why
361 Citations2005Neal J. Roese, Amy Summerville
The findings show that people’s biggest regrets are a reflection of where in life they see their largest opportunities; that is, where they see tangible prospects for change, growth, and renewal.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyDecisions and revisions: The affective forecasting of changeable outcomes.
351 Citations2002Daniel T. Gilbert, Jane Ebert
The results demonstrate that errors in affective forecasting can lead people to behave in ways that do not optimize their happiness and well-being.
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinDispositional Envy
339 Citations1999Richard H. Smith, W. Gerrod Parrott +3 more
Journal of Consumer ResearchOption Attachment: When Deliberating Makes Choosing Feel like Losing
331 Citations2003Ziv Carmon, Klaus Wertenbroch +1 more
Cognition & EmotionThe Experience of Regret and Disappointment
306 Citations1998Marcel Zeelenberg, W. van Dijk +2 more
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesConsequences of Regret Aversion 2: Additional Evidence for Effects of Feedback on Decision Making
293 Citations1997Marcel Zeelenberg, Jane Beattie
Journal of Service ResearchComparing Service Delivery to What Might Have Been
290 Citations1999Marcel Zeelenberg, Rik Pieters
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesOutcome Knowledge, Regret, and Omission Bias
277 Citations1995Ilana Ritov, Jonathan Baron
The bias toward omission (not vaccinating) is greater when potential regret is present, and potential regrets are greater when knowledge of outcomes is expected, as well as for actions than omissions.
Organization ScienceToxic Decision Processes: A Study of Emotion and Organizational Decision Making
274 Citations2004Sally Maitlis, Hakan Özçelik
It is shown that toxic decision processes are triggered by issues that are sensitive, ambiguous, and nonurgent and identified several mechanisms that connect actors' emotions and actions, over time creating a toxic decision process that leads to the cumulative buildup and diffusion of toxicity.
Psychology Press eBooksSocial Psychology and Economics
273 Citations2013David De Cremer, Marcel Zeelenberg +1 more
Philosophical PsychologyThe use of crying over spilled milk: A note on the rationality and functionality of regret
273 Citations1999Marcel Zeelenberg
Journal of Risk and UncertaintyTesting for juxtaposition and event-splitting effects
268 Citations1993Chris Starmer, Robert Sugden
Psychological BulletinMotivational factors in decision theories: The role of self-protection.
260 Citations1993Richard P. Larrick
The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking
256 Citations2007
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyThe inaction effect in the psychology of regret.
254 Citations2002Marcel Zeelenberg, Kees van den Bos +2 more
The authors show in 4 experiments that prior outcomes may promote action and hence make inaction more abnormal, and that following negative prior outcomes, more regret was attributed to inaction, a finding that the authors label the inaction effect.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyThe inaction effect in the psychology of regret.
251 Citations2002Marcel Zeelenberg, Kees van den Bos +2 more
Journal of Behavioral Decision MakingAnticipated Regret and Time Perspective: Changing Sexual Risk-taking Behavior
251 Citations1996René Richard, J. van der Pligt +1 more
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesReconsidering the Relation between Regret and Responsibility
235 Citations1998Marcel Zeelenberg, W. van Dijk +1 more
The results showed the predicted effects of decision agency when regret was directly measured, and a measure of disappointment seemed to indicate the opposite effect: People are more disappointed when a negative outcome is caused by a computer assignment than when caused by their own choice.
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinCommission, Omission, and Dissonance Reduction: Coping with Regret in the "Monty Hall" Problem
224 Citations1995Thomas Gilovich, Victoria Husted Medvec +1 more
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesConsequences of regret aversion in real life: The case of the Dutch postcode lottery
215 Citations2004Marcel Zeelenberg, Rik Pieters
Journal of Behavioral Decision MakingPsychological determinants of decision attitude
206 Citations1994Jane Beattie, Jonathan Baron +2 more
Health PsychologyRegret in cancer-related decisions.
204 Citations2005Terry Connolly, Jochen Reb
Current regret research is reviewed, directions for extending it to cancer-related decisions are proposed and interest here has focused on the justifiability of the choice made or the process used.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesAvoiding Regret in Decisions with Feedback: A Negotiation Example
203 Citations1995Richard P. Larrick, Terry L. Boles
Journal of Marketing ResearchDo Coupon Expiration Dates Affect Consumer Behavior?
203 Citations1994J. Jeffrey Inman, Leigh McAlister
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyLife regrets and current goals as predictors of psychological adjustment.
188 Citations1994Len Lecci, Morris A. Okun +1 more
ContraceptionRegret following female sterilization at a young age: a systematic review
184 Citations2005Kathryn M. Curtis, Anshu P. Mohllajee +1 more
The younger women were at the time of sterilization, the more likely they were to report regretting that decision, and a consistent inverse relationship between women's age at sterilization and their likelihood of regretting having had the procedure.
Psychological ReviewVarieties of regret: A debate and partial resolution.
182 Citations1998Thomas Gilovich, Victoria Husted Medvec +1 more
Psychology and AgingRegret and quality of life across the adult life span: The influence of disengagement and available future goals.
171 Citations2005Carsten Wrosch, Isabelle E. Bauer +1 more
It was suggested that being disengaged from undoing the consequences of regrets and having many future goals available may reduce older adults' intensity of regret and thereby contribute to a better quality of life.
Varieties of Counterfactual Thinking
162 Citations2014Daniel Kahneman
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesProbability of Regret: Anticipation of Uncertainty Resolution in Choice
150 Citations1996Ilana Ritov
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesRegret and Responsibility in the Evaluation of Decision Outcomes
149 Citations1997Terry Connolly, Lisa D. Ordóñez +1 more
The five experiments reported here challenge the view that the "active chooser" effect appears more a matter of change than of choice, of the route taken rather than whether one is the driver or the passenger.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesOn bad decisions and deciding badly: When intention–behavior inconsistency is regrettable
134 Citations2005Rik Pieters, Marcel Zeelenberg
PubMedPerceived control of life regrets: good for young and bad for old adults.
131 Citations2002Carsten Wrosch, Jutta Heckhausen
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesOn the psychology of ‘if only’: Regret and the comparison between factual and counterfactual outcomes
128 Citations2005Eric van Dijk, Marcel Zeelenberg
Perceptual and Motor SkillsCommonly Named Emotions in Everyday Conversations
126 Citations1984Susan B. Shimanoff
Marketing LettersA Regret Theory Approach to Assessing Consumer Satisfaction
124 Citations1997Kimberly A. Taylor
Journal of Experimental Social PsychologyHow to turn a hawk into a dove and vice versa: Interactions between emotions and goals in a give-some dilemma game
122 Citations2006Rob M. A. Nelissen, Anton J. M. Dijker +1 more
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)Feeling Is for Doing: A Pragmatic Approach to the Study of Emotions in Economic Behavior
119 Citations2006Marcel Zeelenberg, Rik Pieters
Journal of Experimental Social PsychologyWhen curiosity killed regret: Avoiding or seeking the unknown in decision-making under uncertainty
115 Citations2006Eric van Dijk, Marcel Zeelenberg
Motivation and EmotionInvestigating the Appraisal Patterns of Regret and Disappointment
113 Citations2002W. van Dijk, Marcel Zeelenberg
Psychology and MarketingThe influence of anticipated counterfactual regret on behavior
113 Citations2000John J. Hetts, David Boninger +3 more
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesRegret and Responsibility Resolved? Evaluating Ordóñez and Connolly's (2000) Conclusions
112 Citations2000Marcel Zeelenberg, W. van Dijk +1 more
This rejoinder discusses Ordóñez and Connolly's new studies and discusses the validity of their 4 conclusions, which concluded that regret need not be related to a sense of responsibility for the regretted outcome.
Thinking : psychological perspectives on reasoning, judgment and decision making
105 Citations2003David Hardman, Laura Macchi
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesRegret and Responsibility: A Reply to Zeelenberg et al. (1998)
104 Citations2000Lisa D. Ordóñez, Terry Connolly
It is shown that, contrary to most theory, regret can appear even in the absence of decision agency, can be unrelated to outcome evaluations, and may be more influenced by the experience of gains or losses from the status quo than by any decisional responsibility for those changes.
Psychology and MarketingWhat if I find it cheaper someplace else?: Role of prefactual thinking and anticipated regret in consumer behavior
104 Citations2000Allen R. McConnell, Keith E. Niedermeier +4 more
Developmental PsychologyReality Compared With Its Alternatives: Age Differences in Judgments of Regret and Relief.
103 Citations2004Robert E. Guttentag, Jennifer Ferrell
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesWhen good decisions have bad outcomes: The impact of affect on switching behavior
99 Citations2004Rebecca K. Ratner, Kenneth C. Herbst
Medical HypothesesAcceptable regret in medical decision making
91 Citations1999Benjamin Djulbegović, Iztok Hozo +2 more
This work forms a concept of acceptable regret in medical decision making that explicitly introduces the patient's attitude toward loss of health due to a mistaken decision into decision making, and develops new conceptual relations that can help decide whether treatment should be withheld or administered.
On the Assessment of Decision Quality: Considerations Regarding Utility, Conflict and Accountability
90 Citations2003Gideon Keren, Wändi Bruine de Bruin
Journal of Cross-Cultural PsychologyRegrets Of Action And Inaction Across Cultures
85 Citations2003Thomas Gilovich, Ranxiao Frances Wang +2 more
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinI Never Had a Chance: Using Hindsight Tactics to Mitigate Disappointments
83 Citations2001Orit E. Tykocinski
Cognition & EmotionWhat do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment
83 Citations2002W. van Dijk, Marcel Zeelenberg
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinRemembering and Regretting: The Zeigarnik Effect and the Cognitive Availability of Regrettable Actions and Inactions
81 Citations1997Kenneth Savitsky, Victoria Husted Medvec +1 more
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesTesting the Compatibility Test: How Instructions, Accountability, and Anticipated Regret Affect Prechoice Screening of Options
80 Citations1999Lisa D. Ordóñez, Lehman Benson +1 more
As predicted by image theory, the normal screening process appears to be to screen out the bad options rather than screen in the good options and screening in the control condition is similar to screening under the reject instructions.
Journal of Economic PsychologyMultiple reference points in investor regret
79 Citations2006Chien‐Huang Lin, Wen‐Hsien Huang +1 more
Oxford University Press eBooksJudgments Over TimeThe Interplay of Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors
76 Citations2006Lawrence J. Sanna, Edward C. Chang
Journal of Behavioral Decision MakingChoices and opportunities: another effect of framing on decisions
76 Citations1998Steven K. Jones, Deborah Frisch +2 more
Journal of Research in PersonalityRegret appraisals, age, and subjective well-being
75 Citations2003Markku Jokisaari
Journal of Adult DevelopmentMissed opportunities: Psychological ramifications of counterfactual thought in midlife women
68 Citations1995Janet Landman, Elizabeth A. Vandewater +2 more
Management ScienceSimilarity Judgments in Choice Under Uncertainty: A Reinterpretation of the Predictions of Regret Theory
67 Citations1998Jonathan W. Leland
…
