On Traits and Values: With Special Reference to Openness to Experience

Abstract

In three samples (totalN= 583), the Rokeach Values Survey correlates of the five-factor model (NEO-PI, NEO-FFI, and NEO-PI-R) were examined with a particular focus on the openness to experience dimension, regarded as the least-understood of the "Big Five" factors. Using both individual values items and value composites (ratings and rankings), replicable correlates were identified. Among the 36 values, openness had nine replicable correlates, most notably the terminal value ofworld of beautyand the instrumental valueimaginative.Openness also was reliably related to the positive valuing of beingbroadmindedas well as negative valuing ofsocial recognition, salvation,beingclean, obedient, responsible,andself-controlled.Moreover, openness correlated positively in all three samples with the maturity and self-direction values composites, and negatively with the achievement and restrictive conformity composites. Results suggest that, more than the other dimensions of personality, openness to experience best accounts for what people value in their lives. The results also imply that people value qualities that they already possess. We conclude with a discussion of how traits and values relate more broadly and with speculations on the possible origins of openness.