A behavioral approach to group dynamics

Abstract

Two matched therapy groups in an outpatient clinic were studied for 9 months, from start to termination, in terms of process and outcome. The research draws upon two disciplines for its theoretical and openational structure: (1) small group dynamics, and (2) operant conditioning. In the experimental group, the therapist was trained to use techniques of social reinforcement to facilitate the development of intermember cohesiveness—also termed intimacy, solidarity, or affection. In the comparison group, the therapist, who was matched along several traits with the experimental group's therapist, used a more conventional, intuitive, group-centered approach in dealing with the group. The patient's group behavior was measured by content analysis codes that assessed the area of cohesiveness on individual and group process levels. Interaction Process Analysis and Sign Process Analysis (an interpersonal affect code) were used to score on-going, "live" group behavior. A sociometric questionnaire, and symptom checklists were administered after each 3-month interval and at the start of therapy. The results indicate that the patients in the experimental group showed significantly more cohesiveness and earlier symptomatic improvement than those in the comparison group. Data from the scoring of on-going group interaction as well as from the sociometric questionnaire indicate that patients in the experimental group also develop more independence from the therapist than do the patients in the comparison group. The potency of the therapist in shaping and modifying group dynamic behaviors is established by the data for both groups whether or not the therapist is programmed or aware of the contingencies of his interventions. The findings support the utility of a reinforcement or learning approach to the understanding and practice of group therapy.