A Balance Theory of Coordination Between Bureaucratic Organizations and Community Primary Groups

Abstract

This theory is based on the idea that both bureaucratic and community primary groups are essential for achieving most tasks in our society. At the same time they have antithetical atmospheres. Therefore, they are best linked when they are at some midpoint of social distance. If they are too close, there will be conflicts because of their atmospheres. If they are too far, they will not be able to coordinate to solve their mutual problems. The paper suggests eight possible mechanisms of coordination which can link bureaucratic organizations with primary groups. It suggests the theoretical bases for determining which of these mechanisms tends to close social distance and which tends to open distance. It further suggests what kinds of bureaucratic structures can tolerate each type of coordinating mechanism.' Eugene Litwak is a professor at the School of Social Work, University of Michigan. Henry J. Meyer is professor of social work and sociology at the University of Michigan.