First-Episode Major Depression
Archives of General PsychiatryPublished 1 July 1997
H. Blair Simpson
Citations105
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
There were few significant sex differences in the course of major depressive disorder in this study population, and there was no evidence for a more chronic course of depression in women.
Abstract
There were few significant sex differences in the course of major depressive disorder in this study population.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicine
Archives of General PsychiatryResearch Diagnostic Criteria
6,963 Citations1978Robert L. Spitzer
The development and initial reliability studies of a set of specific diagnostic criteria for a selected group of functional psychiatric disorders, the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), indicate high reliability for diagnostic judgments made using these criteria.
Archives of General PsychiatryA Diagnostic Interview
5,709 Citations1978Jean Endicott
Initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores are reported on.
Journal of Affective DisordersSex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence
2,201 Citations1993Ronald C. Kessler
Age of onset analysis shows that this sex difference begins in early adolescence and persists through the mid-50s and means that the higher prevalence of 12-month depression among women than men is largely due to women having a higher risk of first onset.
Psychological BulletinSex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.
1,937 Citations1987Susan Nolen–Hoeksema
It is suggested that differences in the ways that men and women respond to their own depressive episodes, whatever the origin of these episodes, may be an important source of the sex differences observed in depression.
Archives of General PsychiatryThe Family History Method Using Diagnostic Criteria
1,907 Citations1977Nancy C. Andreasen
This study reports on an instrument that has been developed for collecting information concerning family history and that provides criteria for 12 diagnoses--the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria.
Archives of General PsychiatrySex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression
1,858 Citations1977Myrna M. Weissman
The evidence for differing rates of depression between the sexes in the United States and elsewhere during the last 40 years is reviewed, and the various explanations offered are critically analyzed.
Archives of General PsychiatryThe Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation
1,637 Citations1987Martin B. Keller
The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE) is an integrated system for assessing the longitudinal course of psychiatric disorders that consists of a semistructured interview, an Instruction booklet, a coding sheet, and a set of training materials.
Archives of General PsychiatryThree-Year Outcomes for Maintenance Therapies in Recurrent Depression
1,309 Citations1990David J. Kupfer
It is concluded that active imipramine treatment is an effective means of preventing recurrence beyond 3 years and that patients with previous episodes less than 2 1/2 years apart, therefore, merit continued prophylaxis for at least 5 years.
Controlled Clinical TrialsIntroduction to sample size determination and power analysis for clinical trials
1,016 Citations1981John M. Lachin
The importance of sample size evaluation in clinical trials is reviewed and a general method is presented from which specific equations are derived for sample size determination or the analysis of power for a wide variety of statistical procedures.
Archives of General PsychiatryTime to Recovery, Chronicity, and Levels of Psychopathology in Major Depression
869 Citations1992Martin B. Keller
The course of illness of 431 subjects with major depression participating in the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Depression Study was prospectively observed for 5 years, and many subjects who did not recover continued in an episode that looked more like dysthymia than major depressive disorder.
Archives of General PsychiatryThe Family History Approach to Diagnosis
529 Citations1986Nancy C. Andreasen
The results confirmed the usefulness of the family history method, which has some limitations, but has respectable sensitivity for many major diagnoses when broad but well-specified criteria are used.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical NeuroscienceThe Zurich Study
455 Citations1992C Ernst, Jules Angst
Among women, a diagnosis of depression was more often associated with disturbances of appetite and with phobias than among men, and when syndromes or diagnoses were controlled, women and men suffered to an equal rate from subjective impairment at work.
JAMAPredictors of Relapse in Major Depressive Disorder
302 Citations1983Martín Keller
Risk of relapse into an affective episode was high in the months immediately after recovery from a major depressive disorder (MDD) in 141 subjects with nonbipolar depression, without a preexisting dysthymic disorder; the probability of relapse then declined steadily during the duration of the follow-up.
JAMATreatment Received by Depressed Patients
262 Citations1982Martín Keller
It is concluded that more research is needed to determine how patients and practitioners contribute to this phenomenon of low intensity of somatic treatment.
American Journal of PsychiatrySex differences in recurrent depression: are there any that are significant?
261 Citations1988Erica Frank, Linda L. Carpenter +1 more
Male and female patients with recurrent depression were similar in clinical characteristics and baseline measures of severity, but some sex differences in depressive symptoms were apparent, especially as reflected by self-report instruments.
Archives of General PsychiatryA Prospective Follow-up of Patients With Bipolar and Primary Unipolar Affective Disorder
255 Citations1993George Winokur
New data add to the distinction between bipolar and primary unipolar patients both as regards number of episodes in follow-up and also as regards risk factors that are associated with the multiple-episode course.
Archives of General PsychiatryLow Levels and Lack of Predictors of Somatotherapy and Psychotherapy Received by Depressed Patients
231 Citations1986Martin B. Keller
Treatment of patients with nonbipolar major depressive disorders during the first eight weeks after entry into the National Institute of Mental Health-Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression do not appear to be related to differences in patient characteristics.
Archives of General PsychiatryNIMH Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression
230 Citations1979Martin M. Katz
The history and implications of the collaborative effort that evolved from the 1969 National Institute of Mental Health conference on the psychobiology of depression, initiated in the early 1970s, currently span research on nosology, genetics, neurochemistry, neuroendocrinology, and psychosocial factors.
Psychiatry ResearchStatistical issues in the identification of risk factors for suicidal behavior: The application of survival analysis
170 Citations1990Andrew C. Leon, Richard A. Friedman +3 more
Survival analytic techniques are discussed in which the time until a suicide attempt from a specific point, such as prior attempt or onset of illness, is also examined, and Cox's proportional hazards model is discussed, which estimates the significance of different risk factors.
The Journal of Nervous and Mental DiseaseGender Differences in the Clinical Features of Unipolar Major Depressive Disorder
152 Citations1990Michael A. Young, William A. Scheftner +2 more
Gender differences in the presence or absence and the severity of forty-seven clinician rated features of depression were examined, indicating that, although the rate of major depressive disorder is greater in women, its symptomatology is relatively homogeneous with regard to gender.
The British Journal of PsychiatryGender-Mediated Clinical Features of Depressive Illness the Importance of Temperamental Differences
142 Citations1990Giulio Perugi, Laura Musetti +4 more
In a consecutive clinical series of 538 subjects with primary mood disorders the male:female differences were most skewed in recurrent unipolars, 1:2 in single episode and bipolar I subtypes, and about even in bipolar II.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyProbability of relapse after recovery from an episode of depression.
128 Citations1989Peter M. Lewinsohn, Antonette M. Zeiss +1 more
Rec relapse rates in those individuals who have experienced an episode of unipolar depression as a function of the number of previous episodes, gender, age at onset of the episode, time since a previous episode, and depression level at time of interview are studied.
Archives of General PsychiatryMajor Depression in a Nonclinical Sample
117 Citations1992William Coryell
Age and sex were again powerful determinants of depression among subjects and the course of prospectively observed secondary depression was more severe than that for primary depression.
American Journal of PsychiatryPredictors of relapse into major depressive disorder in a nonclinical population
109 Citations1991William Coryell, Jane Endicott +1 more
Youth and a history of nonaffective illness are important risk factors for the recurrence of major affective disorder in a broad variety of settings.
The British Journal of PsychiatryHeterogeneity of Depression
97 Citations1994Kathleen R. Merikangas, Werner Wicki +1 more
Findings underscore the importance of employing course as a classification criterion of depression, and the inclusion of subthreshold episodes of depression in the characterization of course.
American Journal of Public HealthContinuing female predominance in depressive illness.
47 Citations1993Andrew C. Leon, Gerald L. Klerman +1 more
Women had nearly a twofold increase in risk of major depressive disorder, with rates peaking between adolescence and early adulthood, and the rate increase in recent decades has not corresponded to a reduction in the gender differences.