Cross-training and worker flexibility: A review of DRC system research

Abstract

Sixteen simulation studies of dual-resource constrained (DRC) systems were reviewed to determine what has been learned about the use of cross-trained, flexible workforces. Propositions were proposed dealing with worker flexibility, centralization of control, worker assignment rules, queue discipline, costs of transferring workers, and other selective findings. Future directions for DRC research were proposed in three areas of interest to managers in high technology firms. First, the inclusion of forgetting functions were suggested. It may be desirable to assign flexible workers to tasks that they need practice to keep them from forgetting what they were previously trained. Second, we proposed an examination of the concept of variety in contemporary operating systems characterized by short product life cycles, small lot sizes, changing product mixes, and quick response. We propose that job shops, the basis for most DRC research, may not capture the variety and dynamics of contemporary systems where cross-trained, flexible workforces are being increasingly used. Third, we introduce the idea concerning the use of teams. We would like to see future DRC studies that simulate work performed by teams of cross-trained workers as opposed to the traditional use of individual workers as the basic unit for performing work.