A Review of Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacy in Europe
Published 1 January 2006
J. W. Foppe van Mil, Martin Schulz
Citations82
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
This literature review aims to describe contemporary European developments regarding the implementation of and research into pharmaceutical care, focusing on the community pharmacy.
Abstract
Although a number of articles about pharmacy practices in European countries have been published, few reviews compare pharmacy and pharmaceutical care practices throughout Europe.1,2 In 2000 the status of pharmaceutical care in Europe was discussed in a Spanish journal,3 and in 2004 two other reviews were published.4,5 A series of articles on the development of pharmaceutical care and pharmacy practice in a number of countries is now being published in the Annals of Pharmacotherapy.6 But these articles describe one country at a time, and the series will only cover a limited number of European countries.7,8,9,10 There are several reasons why it is difficult to get a clear picture of pharmacy and pharmaceutical care practices in Europe. Although the European Union (EU) has now existed for many years, there has yet to be any harmonization in the field of primary health care even though a number of recommendations have been made.11 As a result, there still are major differences in health care policies and practices among European countries. Furthermore, it is not very common to describe current practices or professional developments in pharmacy; most articles focus on commercial and professional threats to pharmacy or future challenges. It is somewhat easier to find articles describing research into small elements of pharmacy practice; but in most European countries even this research is not yet normal practice. There are many different pharmacy journals in Europe, but they are published in over forty different languages and many are not indexed in major international databases like Medline/Pubmed. In this literature review, we aim to describe contemporary European developments regarding the implementation of and research into pharmaceutical care, focusing on the community pharmacy. We will identify the major
Keywords
Medicine
Annals of Internal MedicineAdherence to Protease Inhibitor Therapy and Outcomes in Patients with HIV Infection
3,328 Citations2000David L. Paterson, Susan Swindells +6 more
Given the critical importance of adherence to therapy to patient outcome, secondary prevention of HIV infection, and willingness of providers to prescribe therapy, this prospectively investigated the association between protease inhibitor adherence and patient outcome and factors related to adherence.
American Journal of Health-System PharmacyOpportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care
2,893 Citations1990Charles D. Hepler, Linda M. Strand
Changing the focus of practice from products and biological systems to ensuring the best drug therapy and patient safety will raise pharmacy's level of responsibility and require philosophical, organizational, and functional changes.
Journal of HypertensionElectronic compliance monitoring in resistant hypertension: the basis for rational therapeutic decisions
262 Citations2001Michel Burnier, Marie Paule Schneider +3 more
It is suggested that objective monitoring of compliance using electronic devices may be a useful step in the management of patients with refractory hypertension, as it enables physicians to take rational decisions based on reliable and objective data of drug compliance and hence to improve blood pressure control.
Drugs & AgingImproving the Well-Being of Elderly Patients via Community Pharmacy-Based Provision of Pharmaceutical Care
212 Citations2001Cecilia Bernsten, Ingeborg Bj rkman +18 more
A general decline in health-related quality of life over time was observed in the pooled data; however, significant improvements were achieved in patients involved in the pharmaceutical care programme in some countries.
Annals of PharmacotherapyDrug—Drug Interactions in the Elderly
208 Citations2002Ingeborg Björkman, Johan Fastbom +22 more
Differences in the frequency and type of potential DDIs among countries were found and some combinations are likely to have negative effects; more attention must be focused on detecting and monitoring patients using such combinations.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyThe value of inpatient pharmaceutical counselling to elderly patients prior to discharge
207 Citations2002Sulaiman A. Alrashed, David Wright +3 more
In-patient pharmaceutical counselling, linked to a medication and information discharge summary and a medicine reminder card, contributed to better drug knowledge and compliance together with reduced unplanned visits to the doctor and re-admissions.
Current Pharmaceutical DesignPharmaceutical Care: Past, Present and Future
191 Citations2004Beatriz Berenguer, La Casa C. +2 more
The positive outcomes obtained with different programs of pharmaceutical care are making a beneficial change in patients' health but still more research projects should be conducted to support this change.
Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug TherapyPharmaceutical Care of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure: Interventions and Outcomes
178 Citations1999Sumanthra Varma, James C. McElnay +3 more
Patients in group A showed improved compliance with drug therapy, which in turn improved their exercise capacity compared with those in group B; education on management of symptoms, lifestyle changes, and dietary recommendations were also of benefit.
Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug TherapyAssessment of a Community Pharmacy‐Based Program for Patients with Asthma
167 Citations2001Maria Cordina, James C. McElnay
This study aims to implement and assess a community‐based pharmaceutical care program for patients with asthma and assess the impact of this program on quality of life and hospital admissions.
Annals of PharmacotherapyPharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research from Around the World
146 Citations2005Karen B. Farris, Fernando Fernández-Llimós +1 more
This international series will describe the organization of community pharmacy within the healthcare system and report the status of practice-based research and propose a research agenda for community pharmacy practice.
Pharmacy World & SciencePharmaceutical care, European developments in concepts, implementation, teaching, and research: a review
143 Citations2004J. W. Foppe van Mil, Martin Schulz +1 more
The current status of pharmaceutical care research and implementation, and if and how it can be part of the practice of pharmacy is clarified.
The Journal of Clinical PharmacologyPharmaceutical Care Services for Asthma Patients: A Controlled Intervention Study
138 Citations2001Martin Schulz, Frank Verheyen +6 more
Community pharmacy‐based interventions on lung function, health‐related quality of life, and self‐management in asthma patients in a 12‐month controlled intervention study in 26 intervention and 22 control pharmacies showed significant improvements with regard to evening peak flow, self‐efficacy, and knowledge.
Patient Education and CounselingWe are the experts: people with asthma talk about their medicine information needs
137 Citations2003David K. Raynor, Imogen Savage +2 more
It is concluded that medicine information leaflets do not currently meet the needs of users and that people who take medicines should be involved in their development and testing.
Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996)Research: Improving Drug Therapy for Patients with Asthma-Part 1: Patient Outcomes
122 Citations2001Hanne Herborg, Birthe Soendergaard +6 more
The project demonstrated that therapeutic outcomes monitoring by community pharmacists is an effective strategy for improving the quality of drug therapy for asthma patients in primary health care.
International Journal of Pharmacy PracticeEuropean barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care
120 Citations2001J. W. Foppe van Mil, Willem O. Boer +1 more
The perceived barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care into community pharmacy practice in different European countries and the relative importance of these barriers are established.
Pharmacy World & ScienceMedication errors when transferring elderly patients between primary health care and hospital care
117 Citations2005Patrik Midlöv, Anna Bergkvist +3 more
Improve in documentation and transferring data about elderly patients’ medications could reduce these errors, as medication errors are common when elderly patients are transferred between primary and secondary care.
Pharmacy World & ScienceEvaluation of a hospital-based community liaison pharmacy service in Northern Ireland
114 Citations2004Helen Bolas, Kasia Brookes +2 more
Annals of PharmacotherapyImplementation of Ward-Based Clinical Pharmacy Services in Belgium—Description of the Impact on a Geriatric Unit
106 Citations2006Anne Spinewine, Soraya Dhillon +4 more
Involving a trained clinical pharmacist in a geriatric team led to clinically relevant and well-accepted optimization of medicine use and this initiative may be a springboard for further development of clinical pharmacy services.
Annals of PharmacotherapyCommunity Pharmacy–Based Pharmaceutical Care for Asthma Patients
101 Citations2005Sandra Mangiapane, Martin Schulz +4 more
The study shows that PC for people with asthma has a positive impact on humanistic and, to some extent, on clinical outcomes and a shift toward better adherence to evidence-based therapy.
Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996)Evaluation of a Pharmaceutical Care Program for Hypertensive Patients in Rural Portugal
90 Citations2002José A. Garçao, José Cabrita
In this rural community, a pharmaceutical care program was associated with significant improvements in blood pressure control in hypertensive patients and what factors limit the program was determined.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyEvaluation of the clinical value of pharmacists’ modifications of prescription errors
88 Citations2004Henk Buurma, Peter A. G. M. De Smet +2 more
Pharmacists' interventions led to modification of prescriptions for an array of drug-related problems (DRPs) and such interventions can contribute positively to the quality of pharmacotherapy.
Pharmacy World & SciencePharmaceutical care model for patients with type 2 diabetes: integration of the community pharmacist into the diabetes team – a pilot study
82 Citations2004Joel Pierre Wermeille, Marion Bennie +2 more
This study demonstrated a feasible pharmaceutical care model for diabetes patients in an European country and shown the pharmacist to be effective and well accepted by GPs and patients.
Medical EducationLearning for real life: patient‐focused interprofessional workshops offer added value
80 Citations2004Sue Kilminster, Claire Hale +6 more
Findings of a pilot interprofessional education project in the Schools of Medicine and Healthcare Studies at the University of Leeds help answer 2 questions of fundamental importance to the development of IPE.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyNature, frequency and determinants of prescription modifications in Dutch community pharmacies
80 Citations2001Henk Buurma, Peter A. G. M. De Smet +2 more
A prospective case-control study comparing modified prescriptions with nonmodified prescriptions was carried out in 141 Dutch community pharmacies, finding that using computerized systems to generate prescriptions is an important strategy to reduce the incidence of prescription errors.
Pharmacy World & ScienceUnderstanding practice change in community pharmacy: a qualitative research instrument based on organisational theory.
74 Citations2003Amelia Roberts, Theodore H Hopp +6 more
The qualitative research instrument developed in this study provides a starting point for future research to lead to a description and understanding of practice change in community pharmacy, and subsequent development of models for the sustainable implementation of CPS.
Annals of PharmacotherapyPharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Germany
74 Citations2006Christiane Eickhoff, Martin Schulz
German community pharmacies are moving from the image of mainly supplying drugs toward the provision of cognitive pharmaceutical services, and the vast majority (>17 000) of community pharmacies have registered to participate in this program.
International Journal of Pharmacy PracticeReducing Adverse Prescribing Discrepancies Following Hospital Discharge
73 Citations1998Catherine Duggan, Roger Feldman +2 more
General medical patients from an east London teaching hospital were recruited into intervention and comparison groups and asked to give a copy of a letter listing their drugs prescribed at discharge to their regular community pharmacist when they went to obtain their prescribed drugs following hospital discharge.
Current Pharmaceutical DesignStructural Process and Implementation Programs of Pharmaceutical Care in Different Countries
72 Citations2004Martin-Calero M.J., Manuel Machuca González +4 more
The implementation process and the existing projects in many countries are revised and it is concluded that despite the enormous amount of work, there is still much to be done from sides of Administration and pharmacists themselves.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsTherapeutic outcomes monitoring by community pharmacists for improving clinical outcomes in asthma
68 Citations2000Narhi, Airaksinen +2 more
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of enhanced therapeutic monitoring by community pharmacists on clinical outcomes of a convenience sample of asthma patients.
Annals of PharmacotherapyPharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacy: Practice and Research in the Netherlands
63 Citations2005J. W. Foppe van Mil
Not all pharmacies in the Netherlands provide pharmaceutical care at the same level, although medication surveillance (concurrent and prospective medication analysis) is part of everyday practice, and Dutch patients are well protected against many drug-related problems.
Pharmacy World & Science“We are White Coats Whirling Round” – Moral Distress in Swedish Pharmacies
58 Citations2005Sofia Kälvemark Sporrong, Anna T. Höglund +3 more
It is reasonable to assume that moral distress is even more present in pharmacy practice than in other health care areas as it is, in general, much more sensitive and exposed to the modern, demanding customer.
Health PolicyThe organisation and development of primary care pharmacy in the United Kingdom
55 Citations2003Jonathan Silcock, David K. Raynor +1 more
Annals of PharmacotherapyImpact of Pharmacists Providing a Prescription Review and Monitoring Service in Ambulatory Care or Community Practice
54 Citations2000Mary P. Tully, Seston Em
Heterogeneity of the studies found and the variety in quality of much of the research design prevent the rigorous assessment of the direction and magnitude of any changes reviewed, so further studies are required.
Pharmacy World & ScienceImplementation of a Pharmacist-Led Clinic for Hypertensive Patients in Primary Care – A Pilot Study
53 Citations2005Fiona Reid, Pat Murray +1 more
Implementation of a pharmacist-led clinic improved blood pressure control and appropriate prescribing of antiplatelet agents and statins for primary prevention of CHD and secondary prevention of artherosclerosis.
Pharmacy World & SciencePsychometric assessment and application of a questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with information on cancer treatment
49 Citations2005Andrea Liekweg, Meike Eckhardt +3 more
The version of the questionnaire with a total of 14 items seems to be suitable for measuring patient satisfaction with information and may help pharmaceutical-care providers to develop needs-based information strategies.
American Journal of Health-System PharmacyASHP survey of ambulatory care pharmacy practice in health systems—2004
48 Citations2005Katherine K. Knapp, Mark P. Okamoto +1 more
Of nine enabling factors investigated, participation on multidisciplinary teams and having collaborative practice agreements were significantly associated with pharmacist participation in at least one ambulatory care activity.
Social Science & MedicineNo struggle, no strength: how pharmacists lost their monopoly
47 Citations1999Janine Marie Morgall, Anna Birna Almarsdóttir
This study looked at the pharmacy profession in Iceland in the light of the recent change in drug legislation, and revealed how a profession weakened by internal strife became prey to the government's cost cutting activities.
American Journal of Health-System PharmacySupplementary prescribing by pharmacists in England
46 Citations2006Rachel Hobson, Graham Sewell
A survey investigating the implementation of supplementary prescribing by pharmacists in England found that there were significantly more barriers to its establishment within primary care than secondary care settings.
Annals of PharmacotherapyPharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Switzerland
43 Citations2006Emmanuèle Guignard, Olivier Bugnon
Community pharmacy in Switzerland is making modernization of its role in public health policy a clear orientation by integrating new information technologies with pharmacies, and development of new pharmaceutical services for managed care network in collaboration with physicians and other healthcare professionals.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsSocietal perceptions of community pharmaceutical services in Malta
41 Citations1998Cordina, McElnay +1 more
The views of the Maltese general public on services provided by community pharmacies in Malta and their opinions on the proposed extended role for pharmacies are assessed.
Pharmacy World & ScienceA self-reported work sampling study in community pharmacy practice.
36 Citations1999Heather Bell, James C. McElnay +1 more
Pharmacists working in pharmacies with a high prescription turnover were found to devote significantly less time to counselling patients regarding OTC products and in responding to patient symptoms.
Journal of Human HypertensionAppraisal of the knowledge of hypertensive patients and assessment of the role of the pharmacists in the management of hypertension: results of a regional survey
36 Citations2005Stéphanie Ragot, P. Sosner +3 more
The BP goals and the lifestyle modifications are poorly known by the hypertensives and Pharmacists' knowledge is frequently wrong and should be improved by appropriate training programmes.
Annals of PharmacotherapyProviding Patient Care in Community Pharmacies in Spain
36 Citations2005Miguel Ángel Gastelurrutia, María José Faus +1 more
Spain has many community pharmacies, but there is little pharmacy practice research, and most of these services are freely provided, except compounding, weight and blood pressure measurement, and cholesterol and glucose testing.
Pharmacy World & SciencePatient-perceived problems, compliance, and the outcome of hypertension treatment.
29 Citations2001Hannes Enlund, Erkki Jokisalo +2 more
The poor outcome in antihypertensive therapy is associated with both patient-perceived problems and patient initiated modification of dosage instructions.
Pharmacy World & ScienceActual and Perceived Provision of Pharmaceutical Care in Danish Community Pharmacies: The Pharmacists’ Opinions
26 Citations2005Charlotte Rossing, Ebba Holme Hansen +2 more
The profiles of the perceived providers of pharmaceutical care and the respondents that detected medicine- related problems were distinct, thus indicating two separate groups of pharmacies.
Annals of PharmacotherapyWhen Does Pharmaceutical Care Impact Health Outcomes? A Comparison of Community Pharmacy—Based Studies of Pharmaceutical Care for Patients with Asthma
26 Citations2005William M. McLean, Linda MacKeigan
Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health CareIntensive community pharmacy intervention had little impact on triptan consumption: A randomized controlled trial
24 Citations2006Jens Søndergaard, Annette Foged +8 more
Overall, intervention had no statistically significant short-term impact on patients’ consumption of triptans either among incident users, or among prevalent users (intervention/control ratio 1.02; 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.12).
American Journal of Health-System PharmacyProvision of pharmaceutical care by community pharmacists in Northern Ireland
24 Citations1998Heather Bell, James C. McElnay +2 more
PharmacoEconomicsPharmaceutical Care Programmes for the Elderly
23 Citations2003Grainne Crealey, Ian Sturgess +2 more
A more standardised approach to data collection is required to facilitate economic analyses as an essential element in the evaluation of any pharmaceutical care programme for the elderly, according to a critical appraisal of studies performed to date.
Pharmacy World & ScienceRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate complex healthcare interventions - a case study
22 Citations2004Ian Chi Kei Wong
The application of the MRC’s framework for complex interventions to a large randomised trial of pharmaceutical care is described and the stages through which the research passed, from ideas, through planning, to implementation and modification after piloting are discussed.
Pharmacy World & ScienceThe importance that community pharmacists in Malta place on the introduction of pharmaceutical care.
21 Citations1999Maria Cordina, James C. McElnay +1 more
A series of strategic steps are needed to help pharmacists resolve issues before pharmaceutical care programmes could be offered by Maltese community pharmacists.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsThe provision of pharmaceutical care in Denmark: a cross-sectional survey
21 Citations2003Charlotte Rossing, Ebba Holme Hansen +1 more
In Denmark, pharmaceutical care has been part of the professional standards of practice for community pharmacy since 1995 and was a concept initially defined in the early 1990s.
BMC Health Services ResearchPharmaceutical care for elderly patients shared between community pharmacists and general practitioners: a randomised evaluation. RESPECT (Randomised Evaluation of Shared Prescribing for Elderly people in the Community over Time) [ISRCTN16932128]
19 Citations2004Ian Chi Kei Wong, P. Campion +9 more
The effectiveness and cost implications of 'pharmaceutical care' provided by community pharmacists to elderly patients in the community and the cost to the NHS, patients and to society as a whole are investigated.
Pharmacy World & ScienceEthics applied to pharmacy practice.
19 Citations2000R.P. Dessing
An analysis of pharmaceutical care in the light of ethics can help to formulate the pharmacist's responsibilities and concludes that protocols are important tools for ethical behaviour in every day practice.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyThe effect of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia screening with subsequent intervention letter on the use of blood pressure and lipid lowering drugs
19 Citations2004Jarir At Thobari, Taco B. M. Monster +3 more
Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that a higher blood pressure and cholesterol level, but not the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors, were associated to with a greater percentage use of a BPLD and a LLD.
Pharmacy EducationA New Model for Teaching Pharmaceutical Care Services Management
18 Citations2004Jos J. van der Werf, Jacky Dekens-Konter +1 more
Assessments reveal that in terms of objectives, methods and workload, the game seems to be successful: students and staff find it difficult to accommodate to new roles and teachings styles.
Pharmacy World & ScienceChanging a profession, influencing community pharmacy
16 Citations2004J. W. Foppe van Mil, Bente Frøkjær +1 more
It seems that the activities of the Community Pharmacy Section of the FIP have had some effect, although the exact impact remains difficult to measure because no structured evaluation method has been applied from the beginning of the continuing education activities.
Revista Española de Salud PúblicaEstudio prospectivo sobre el impacto de un servicio de atención farmacéutica comunitaria en personas asmáticas
15 Citations2003Julio Andrés Jácome, Antonio Iñesta García
Estudio comprobar si el servicio de atencion farmaceutica comunitaria mejora los resultados en salud obtenidos con the farmacoterapia en pacientes asmaticos and sobre los signos de mal control del asma.
Pharmacy World & ScienceThe quality of the professional practice of community pharmacists: what can still be improved in Europe?
13 Citations1996A. M. Cancrinus-Matthijsse, Siegwart Lindenberg +2 more
It appeared that pharmacists have integrared certain structure aspects such as the use of a computer of a separate patient consultation room to varying degrees and there are large differences between phamacists from the different countries.
Annals of PharmacotherapyDisease and Intolerability Documentation in Electronic Patient Records
13 Citations2005Henk Buurma, Peter A. G. M. De Smet +2 more
For optimal surveillance of drug–disease interactions in pharmacies, the frequency and quality of disease and intolerability documentation need further improvement.
Pharmacy World & ScienceAssessing the pharmaceutical care needs of asthmatic patients
9 Citations2004Filipa Alves da Costa, Catherine Duggan +1 more
A survey tool developed to assess asthmatic patients’ perceptions of their health-related needs, using data from literature reviews and expert opinions, needs further development to ensure its validity and utility in practice.
AIDS CareThe clinical and economic efficacy of HAART: a shift from inpatient medical to outpatient pharmaceutical care for HIV/AIDS patients in Northeastern Italy
8 Citations2004Andrea Tramarin, Maarten J. Postma +3 more
After the introduction of HAART hospital-based provision shifted from an inpatient-based to an outpatient-based service with major focus on pharmaceutical care, which led to changes in costs and outcomes to be linked to the introduction to HAART in 1997.
Pharmacy EducationComparison of Dutch and Czech Systems of Pharmacy Studies
7 Citations2004Pavla Sramkova, Lolkje T.W. de Jong‐van den Berg +1 more
The schemes of the study of pharmacies, the Dutch curriculum and Czech curriculum for students of pharmacy, credit systems and practices were compared and pharmacy practice as a topic runs in both curricula but in different ways.
Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug TherapyClinical Pharmacy in Inpatient Care
6 Citations2000J. Bonal
It is described how interventions by clinical pharmacists can provide quality pharmaceutical care to inpatients through the use of published data, patient‐specific data, and data generated by conducted research.
Pharmacy World & ScienceInter-rater Reliability of Explicit Indicators of Prescribing Appropriateness
5 Citations2005Mary P. Tully, J A Cantrill
Nine of theicators achieved the required level of reliability and the negative agreement levels showed that this was the area that required greater improvement in future developments of the indicators.
Pharmacy EducationImplementing a New Model for Admission and Qualification of Portuguese Pharmacists
5 Citations2004José António Aranda da Silva, Fernando Ramos +1 more
The approved model for admission and qualification, subject to a pre-defined number of credit units obtainable through continuous professional development activities, is described, with special focus on the main phases of its implementation.
Journal of the American Pharmacists AssociationStudying Pharmaceutical Care: Difficult But Necessary
4 Citations2003Dale B. Christensen, Mescal S. Ferguson +4 more
Research into the impact of pharmaceutical care need not be complex, but it is difficult in real-world settings and demonstrating changes in patient satisfaction with providers and in health-related quality of life is difficult.
Pharmacy World & ScienceDistribution of pharmaceuticals--a Norwegian logistic perspective.
2 Citations2000Jan Grund, Thor‐Erik Vartdal
It is convinced that it is possible to maintain a high level of service quality in the sense of safety, councelling and compliance, and that there is a potential to develop a model for this distribution form in Norway.
TherapiesLa prise en charge médico-pharmaceutique : l’expérience australienne peut-elle être transposée en France ?
2 Citations2004Thérèse Dupin-Spriet, Patrick Wierre
La discussion propose d’etudier concretement the transposition en France of ce service, dans des circonstances predefinies, une prise en charge medico-pharmaceutique de la systeme sanitaire australien.
PubMed[Introduction to pharmaceutical sciences from the faculty of pharmaceutical science of Leuven: an experience of cohabitation].
1 Citations2003Gert Laekeman, Lies Leemans +1 more
It was quite difficult to harmonize the research field of pharmacy practice with the more fundamentally oriented research activities in the different pharmaceutical laboratories, which resulted in a "Living Apart Together" (LAT) relationship with some negative consequences on activity funding.
PubMed[Dispensing care at the dispensing counter in the conditions of a Czech pharmacy].
1 Citations2005B Macesková, H Plevacová
Evaluation of 108 cases when the pharmacist found a need to intervene into prescription verified the use of internationally employed system of classification of pharmaceutical interventions in the conditions of the Czech pharmacy of the basic type.
…