The delayed reaction in animals and children

Abstract

Imitation 2. Use of tools 3. Dreams 4. Learning curve 5. Memory 6. Thorndike's test 7. Learning by being "put through" 8. Recognition 9. Rate of forgetting 10.Association by similarity 11.Reluctance and expectancy 12. Varying means to the same end ' 13.Reactions to a temporal series of colors 14.Washburn's cat on the stairway 20 III.Notes on the Animals and Children Tested IV, Apparatus and General Method V. Experimental Results 1. Tests with animals A. Learning the association (a) Rats(b) Dogs (c) Raccoons (d) Summary B. Maximal intervals of delay attained (a) Group differences in maximal delay (b) Effect of size of release upon delay (c) Effect of backgrounds of different brightnesses upon delay (d) Effect of number of boxes upon delay (e) Effect of other conditions upon delay C. Methods of reaction after delay used by animals (a) Orientation of whole or part of body (b) Position in the box 2. Tests with children A. Method of experimentation B. Are the results obtained from animals and children com- parable?C. Learning D. Differences between the learning of animals and children ... E. Delayed reactions VI.Theoretical Considerations 1.The cues essential for correct delayed reactions A. Substitutes derived from the external environment B. Substitutes derived from within the subject's body (a) The type of internal cue used (b) The mechanism by which internal cues guide behavior 2. The place of ideas in the grades of animal learning VII.SUM.MARY and CONCLUSIONS 79 VIII.Appendix A. Detailed records of two rats and two raccoons B. Notes on raccoons V I.' Experimentation on the present problem was first begun in the University of Chicago laboratory by a graduate student, W. R. Hough.The followmg year the work was taken up and carried somewhat further by another student, H. B. Reed.Both students worked with white rats.Although in each case the results obtained were in strict harmony with those presented in this paper, m neither case were they conclusive.The chief value of the work lay in its suggestiveness.The apparatus used by Reed-Prob.Box D-is described below, ^^^e present investigation was carried on in the same laboratory from October,