The use of Artificial Intelligence techniques in Computer-Assisted Instruction: an overview
International Journal of Man-Machine StudiesPublished 1 April 1980
Alice Gable, Carl V. Page
Citations32
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
This survey examines, in depth, techniques from Artificial Intelligence that can be used to endow a Computer-Aided Instruction system with approximations to some of the desirable qualities of a human tutor.
Abstract
One of the major goals of research in Artificial Intelligence is the representation of knowledge so that a computer can solve problems or communicate in a manner which exhibits “common sense”. Few programs for computers, including those for education, possess behavior which approaches any facet of the constellation of human skills and knowledge which are imprecisely called “common sense”. However, the revolutionary decline in hardware costs now makes it possible to consider economically viable, sophisticated designs for computer-aided instruction systems possessing some of the common sense attributes of a human tutor. In this survey we examine, in depth, techniques from Artificial Intelligence that can be used to endow a Computer-Aided Instruction system with approximations to some of the desirable qualities of a human tutor. We consider both techniques which have been proved in prototype systems for Computer-Aided Instruction and some techniques which were originally developed for other purposes.
Keywords
Computer ScienceNeuroscience
IBM Journal of Research and DevelopmentSome Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers
4,355 Citations1959Arthur L. Samuel
A new signature-table technique is described together with an improved book-learning procedure which is thought to be much superior to the linear polynomial method and to permit the program to look ahead to a much greater depth than it otherwise could do.
Artificial IntelligenceStrips: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving
4,073 Citations1971Richard Fikes, Nils J. Nilsson
A new problem solver called STRIPS is described that attempts to find a sequence of operators in a space of world models to transform a given initial world model into a model in which a given goal formula can be proven to be true.
Journal of the ACMA Machine-Oriented Logic Based on the Resolution Principle
3,885 Citations1965John A. Robinson
The paper concludes with a discussion of several principles which are applicable to the design of efficient proof-procedures employing resolution as the basle logical process.
Semantic Information Processing
2,175 Citations1968Marvin Minsky
This book solves different problems like resolving ambiguities in word meanings, finding analogies between things, making logical and nonlogical inference, resolving inconsistency in information engaging in coherent discourse with a person and more.
IEEE Transactions on Man Machine SystemsAI in CAI: An Artificial-Intelligence Approach to Computer-Assisted Instruction
890 Citations1970Jaime Carbonell
The research reported here is to show that a new and more powerful type of computer-assisted instruction (CAI), based on extensive application of artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques, is feasible, and to demonstrate some of its major capabilities.
Elsevier eBooksGPS, A PROGRAM THAT SIMULATES HUMAN THOUGHT
817 Citations1988Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon
This work shows that the techniques that have emerged for constructing sophisticated problem-solving programs also provide us with new, strong tools for constructing theories of human thinking that finally reveal with great clarity that the free behavior of a reasonably intelligent human can be understood as the product of a complex but finite and determinate set of laws.
IBM Journal of Research and DevelopmentSome Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers. II—Recent Progress
690 Citations1967Arthur L. Samuel
Empirical explorations of the logic theory machine
233 Citations1957Allen Newell, James Shaw +1 more
The Logic Theory Machine is devised to learn how it is possible to solve difficult problems such as proving mathematical theorems, discovering scientific laws from data, playing chess, or understanding the meaning of English prose.
International Journal of Man-Machine StudiesThe computer as a tutorial laboratory: the Stanford BIP project
176 Citations1976Avron Barr, Marian Beard +1 more
How the problem presentation sequence is individualized based on a representation of the structure of the curriculum and a model of the student's state of knowledge is described.
A tutoring and student modelling paradigm for gaming environments
62 Citations1976Richard R. Burton, John Seely Brown
This paper describes a paradigm for tutorial systems capable of automatically providing feedback and hints in a game environment that uses a computer-based “Expert” player to evaluate a student's moves and construct a “differential model” of the student's behavior with respect to the Expert's.
The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivationAnalysis and Synthesis of Tutorial Dialogues
56 Citations1975Allan Collins, Eleanor H. Warnock +1 more
The analytical method presented here could be extended to a wide range of conversational situations and would permit psychologists to study questions related to interactive aspects of human language processing that cannot even be considered with traditional laboratory methods.
International Joint Conference on Artificial IntelligenceA network-based knowledge representation and its natural deduction system
46 Citations1977Richard Fikest, Gary G. Hendrix
A knowledge representation scheme called KNET and a problem solving system called SNIFFER designed to answer queries using a K-NET knowledge base, which includes a logically complete set of natural deduction facilities that do not require statements to be converted into clause or prenex normal form.
Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)Language access to distributed data with error recovery
40 Citations1977Earl D. Sacerdoti
An effort in the application of artificial intelligence to the access of data from a large, distributed data base over a computer network that provides access to multiple instances of a data base management system over the ARPANET in real time is discussed.
IEEE Transactions on Man Machine SystemsInformation Networks in Generative Computer-Assisted Instruction
37 Citations1970Jonathan David Wexler
An environment is described in which a computer dynamically generates simple instructional and remedial sequences for nonnumeric topics such as geography and biology, and examples of interactions with students are included.
International Journal of Man-Machine StudiesA model for generative CAI and concept selection
34 Citations1976Elliot B. Koffman, J. Perry
This model has served as the basis for the design of a CAI system used to teach problem-solving in an introductory course in digital systems design and a heuristic technique is used to determine the best path for each student through the tree of course concepts.
Journal of the ACMA Formal Deductive Problem-Solving System
32 Citations1968J. R. Quinlan, Earl Hunt
A formalism is defined in which solutions to theorem-proving and similar problems take the form of a sequence of transformations of states into other states, and the FORTRAN Deductive System is shown to be more powerful than the other.
PsycEXTRA DatasetReactive learning environment for computer assisted electronics instruction
27 Citations1976John Seely Brown, Richard Rubinstein +1 more
Development of several new computer based strategies for teaching troubleshooting principles to electronics technicians were described and students responded very favorably to the materials and with their performance improving quantitatively and qualitatively after the instruction.
SOPHIE
27 Citations1974John Seely Brown, Richard R. Burton
A fully operational AI-CAI system (accessible over the ARPANET) which incorporates Artificial Intelligence techniques to perform question answering, hypothesis verification and theory formation activities in the domain of electronic troubleshooting.
ACM SIGCUE OutlookComputer-assisted instruction
19 Citations1973Adele Goldberg
It is shows that the heuristically programmed theorem-prover, by embodying techniques thought to be used by the students, constructs derivations for expressions in the elementary theory of Abelian groups within the constraints on rule usage imposed on these students.
Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)A Network-Based Knowledge Representation and Its Natural Deduction System
11 Citations1977Fikes, Richard, Hendrix, Gary G.
Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)Aspects of a Theory for Automated Student Modelling.
10 Citations1977John Seely Brown
This theory captures the subtle reasoning powers of a master tutor and as such acts as a powerful modelling technique of a learner which is needed for guiding the authors' computer-based laboratory tutor as well as providing a new methodology for measuring how a student's problem solving performance is evolving.