Subjective and behavioural evaluation of cigarette cravings
PsychopharmacologyPublished 1 March 1995
Paul Willner, Sydney Hardman, Gail Eaton
Citations86
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.16
SNIP0.97
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
The significant relationships between the QSU and cigarette-reinforced progressiveratio operant performance support the validity of both of these procedures as measures of cigarette craving.
Abstract
Cigarette cravings were evaluated in a sample of moderately heavy smokers, using the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU: Tiffany and Drobes 1991), which produces scores on two factors, related to the positive (factor I) and negative (factor II)-reinforcing properties of smoking, respectively. Smoking motivation was also assessed behaviourally using a progressive-ratio operant procedure, in which responding on a computer keyboard was reinforced by puffs on a cigarette, under a progressively increasing work requirement. Abstinence (4-14 h) increased scores on both subjective and behavioural measures. In non-deprived subjects, behavioural measures and cigarette liking correlated more strongly with factor I of the QSU than with factor II, while in abstinent subjects, correlations with factor II were stronger than with factor I. The significant relationships between the QSU and cigarette-reinforced progressive-ratio operant performance support the validity of both of these procedures as measures of cigarette craving.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicine
Psychological ReviewA cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes.
1,524 Citations1990Stephen T. Tiffany
An alternative cognitive model of drug use and drug urges is proposed that hypothesizes that drug use in the addict is controlled by automatized action schemata and is implications for the assessment of urge responding and drug-use behavior.
SciencePhysiological Role of Pleasure
1,521 Citations1971Michel Cabanac
The existence of alliesthesia implies the presence of internal signals modifying the concious sensations aroused from peripheral receptors, and it is necessary to question the existence of sensations aroused by direct stimulation of central receptors, such as hypothalamic temperature detectors, osmoreceptors, and others.
ScienceProgressive Ratio as a Measure of Reward Strength
1,149 Citations1961William Hodos
Four rats were trained to press a lever on a ratio schedule of reinforcement in which the number of lever presses required on each consecutive run increased by a fixed increment.
British Journal of AddictionThe development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges
989 Citations1991Stephen T. Tiffany, David J. Drobes
A 32-item questionnaire on smoking urges was administered to 230 daily cigarette smokers assigned to one of three levels of cigarette deprivation and factor analyses showed that a two-factor solution best described the item structure for each of the three deprivation levels and for the entire sample.
PsychopharmacologyAnimal models of drug craving
568 Citations1993Athina Markou, Friedbert Weiss +4 more
The development of animal models of drug craving will have heuristic value and allow a systematic investigation of the neurobiological mechanisms of craving, and these animal models are evaluated according to reliability and predictive validity.
PsychopharmacologySmoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence
551 Citations1976Saul Shiffman, Murray E. Jarvik
Trend analyses found that each symptom group except stimulation showed significant patterns or changes as a function of days in abstinence, and desire to smoke and psychological symptoms showed linear decreases as abstinence proceeded.
PubMedThe motivation to use drugs: a psychobiological analysis of urges.
448 Citations1986Timothy B. Baker, Elsimae Morse +1 more
This work conceive of urges as affects, whose activation mediates drug pursuit and self-administration, and believes that affects are represented in neural networks comprising information on affect-relevant stimuli, responses, and meaning/expectancy.
British Journal of AddictionUse and Misuse of the Concept of Craving by Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Researchers
349 Citations1987Lynn T. Kozlowski, D. Adrian Wilkinson
It is argued that the mismatch between the current technical use of ‘craving’ and its use in ordinary language is problematic and misleading in many cases and urged scientists to be circumspect in their use of such a loaded term.
Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol"Craving" and Relapse to Drink
319 Citations1974Arnold M. Ludwig, Abraham Wikler
It is hypothesized that the phenomenon of "craving" for alcohol represents a psychological or cognitive correlate of a subclinical conditioned withdrawal syndrome which may be evoked by any state of mind.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorEFFECTS OF INCREMENT SIZE AND REINFORCER VOLUME ON PROGRESSIVE RATIO PERFORMANCE
302 Citations1963William Hodos, G. Kalman
The results indicate that the number of responses in the final completed ratio run increases as a function of the size of the ratio increment, but when small increments are used, progressive satiation results in a decline in performance with the larger volumes of liquid.
PsychopharmacologyEffect of nicotine on the tobacco withdrawal syndrome
293 Citations1984John Hughes, Dorothy K. Hatsukami +4 more
The relief of tobacco withdrawal by nicotine gum suggests that the tobacco withdrawal syndrome is caused, in part, by nicotine deprivation.
Addictive BehaviorsThe effects of cigarette smoking on pain and anxiety
223 Citations1984Ovide F. Pomerleau, Dennis C. Turk +1 more
The hypothesis that nicotine from smoking can produce psychological changes that are independent of the state of nicotine withdrawal is supported.
ScienceCigarette Craving, Smoking Withdrawal, and Clonidine
211 Citations1984Alexander H. Glassman, Wynn Jackson +3 more
Clonidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, significantly reduces opiate withdrawal and has a greater effect than alprazolam on cigarette craving, suggesting that noradrenaline activity is a common feature in the pathophysiology of withdrawal and that a special relationship exists between central noradRenergic activity and craving.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsA comparison of nicotine and cocaine self-administration in the dog: fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules of intravenous drug infusion.
168 Citations1983Marcus E. Risner, S.R. Goldberg
Nicotine produced dose- and time-related changes in all three physiological parameters; the effects of mecamylamine were considerably greater than those seen with nicotine, but maximum fixed-ratio values for nicotine were well above those seenwith saline.
PsychopharmacologyBehavioral economics of drug self-administration
160 Citations1992R. J. DeGrandpre, Warren K. Bickel +2 more
The results suggest the value of behavioral economics in the study of consumptive behaviors and clinically suggest that decreasing the smoker's usual nicotine yield can have potential healthrisks for smokers who are unable to stop smoking.
Addictive BehaviorsThe role of Pavlovian processes in drug tolerance and dependence: Implications for treatment
149 Citations1981Constantine X. Poulos, Riley E. Hinson +1 more
It is proposed that extinction of cues which elicit conditional compensatory responses is an essential factor for treatment and that by virtue of prior Pavlovian conditioning, stress and depression may serve as cues to elicit conditional compensate responses and attendant craving.
British Journal of AddictionCraving for Cigarettes
141 Citations1987Robert West, NINA SCHNEIDERS
This paper draws together the threads of pharmacological and psychological levels of explanation for cigarette craving in an attempt to provide a clearer understanding of this phenomenon.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorTobacco abstinence, smoking cues, and the reinforcing value of smoking
130 Citations1994Kenneth A. Perkins, Leonard H. Epstein +2 more
The findings indicate that the reinforcing value of smoking is increased by overnight abstinence, the presence of a lit cigarette under lean reinforcement conditions, and the order in which reinforcement schedules are presented.
PsychopharmacologyNicotine replacement: ten-week effects on tobacco withdrawal symptoms
121 Citations1989Janet Gross, Maxine L. Stitzer
The data suggest that use ofactive gum beyond the first 5 weeks post-cessation may be inconsequential as far as suppression of certain key symptoms of psychological disturbance is concerned, but more prolonged use of active gum would be advisable if the long-term nicotine replacement effects observed are relevant to smoking relapse prevention.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorSensory blockade of smoking satisfaction
118 Citations1985Jed E. Rose, Donald P. Tashkin +3 more
It is suggested that sensory cues accompanying inhalation of cigarette smoke are important determinants of immediate smoking satisfaction, however, the sustained effects of smoke intake on subsequent smoking behavior (30 min later) may be mediated by processes other than sensory stimulation of the respiratory tract, such as plasma nicotine levels.
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmacodynamics of nicotine
97 Citations1990Neal L. Benowitz, Hervé Porchet +1 more
Advances in Behaviour Research and TherapyA critique of contemporary urge and craving research: Methodological, psychometric, and theoretical issues
91 Citations1992Stephen T. Tiffany
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorBehavioral economic analysis of smoking: Money and food as alternatives
85 Citations1991Leonard H. Epstein, Cynthia M. Bulik +3 more
The results demonstrate the use of the concurrent schedule paradigm for assessing choice among pharmacological and nonpharmacological reinforcers, and shows the relative reinforcing value of smoking depends on recent deprivation, response demands to obtain the reinforcer and availability of alternative reinforcer.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorEffects of single doses of alcohol and caffeine on cigarette smoke puffing behavior
73 Citations1984R. Nil, Roberto Buzzi +1 more
Ethanol in the dose of 0.7 g/kg intensified cigarette smoking of the second cigarette by increasing delta tidal CO, average puff volume, and total puff volume per cigarette, whereas caffeine given alone or combined with ethanol failed to influence puffing behavior consistently.
PsychopharmacologyTime course of cigarette widhdrawal symptoms while using nicotine gum
68 Citations1989Robert West, Peter Hájek +1 more
Craving was reported to be the most troublesome withdrawal symptom at first, although by the 4th week hunger was cited almost as often, and evenings were cited most often as the worst time of day for craving but among heavier smokers and those who used more nicotine gum mornings were considered worst.
PsychopharmacologyBehavioral economics of drug self-administration
64 Citations1992Warren K. Bickel, John R. Hughes +3 more
The results indicate that for this setting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes and coffee were comparable but interacted asymmetrically, and illustrate the viability of using behavioral economics to examine drug self-administration in a choice paradigm.
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & ComputersApple Picker: Computer software for studying human responding on concurrent and multiple schedules
39 Citations1985Wayne D. Norman, Jerry L. Jongerius
Apple Picker, a software package for the Apple II microcomputer, is described, where subjects respond by searching for “apples” in two “orchards” and “Attempted pickings” are reinforced according to random ratio or interval schedules.
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental PsychiatryMeasurement of reinforcement in depression: A pilot study
29 Citations1985John Hughes, Carol N. Pleasants +1 more
The results do suggest performance on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement with increasing magnitudes of monetary reward may be an objective measure of response to reinforcement that could be used in both basic and clinical research on depression.
Psychopharmacological aspects of nicotine
22 Citations1990David M. Warburton
EpilepsiaEffects of Antiepileptic Drugs and Seizure Type on Operant Responding in Mentally Retarded Persons
15 Citations1984Patricia E. Gay
The results suggest that operant tasks can be sensitive to both AED effects and to underlying alterations of function that accompany seizure disorders in the mentally retarded.
Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsDRUG DEPENDENCE LIABILITY OF TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS EVALUATED IN MONKEYS
10 Citations1972Tomoji Yanagita, Saburo Takahashi +1 more
The amphetamine-like dependence liability was not found in these drugs and the self-administration rates were considerably low in comparison with that of principle drugs of abuse and none of these monkeys manifested observable drug effects.
Behavioural PharmacologyEffects of spirometric administration of tobacco smoke containing varying amounts of nicotine on physiological measures and subject ratings
4 Citations1991Don R. Cherek, R. H. Bennett +2 more
Data indicated that the spirometric method produced: similar CO boosts across nicotine yields, and changes in heart rate, blood pressure, subject ratings and plasma nicotine levels which were directly related to the nicotine yield of cigarettes.