State income inequality, household income, and maternal mental and physical health: cross sectional national survey
BMJPublished 25 November 2000Open access
Robert S. Kahn, Paul H. Wise, Bruce P. Kennedy, Ichiro Kawachi
Citations386
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
High income inequality confers an increased risk of poor mental and physical health, particularly among the poorest women, and both income inequality and household income are important for health in this population.
Abstract
High income inequality confers an increased risk of poor mental and physical health, particularly among the poorest women. Both income inequality and household income are important for health in this population.
Keywords
Social SciencesHealth Professions
Journal of Health and Social BehaviorSelf-Rated Health and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-Seven Community Studies
8,488 Citations1997Ellen Idler, Yael Benyamini
This work examines the growing number of studies of survey respondents' global self-ratings of health as predictors of mortality in longitudinal studies of representative community samples and suggests several approaches to the next stage of research in this field.
American Journal of EpidemiologySOCIAL NETWORKS, HOST RESISTANCE, AND MORTALITY: A NINE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF ALAMEDA COUNTY RESIDENTS
5,347 Citations1979Lisa Berkman, S. Leonard Syme
The findings show that people who lacked social and community ties were more likely to die in the follow-up period than those with more extensive contacts.
American Journal of Public HealthSocial capital, income inequality, and mortality.
3,231 Citations1997Ichiro Kawachi, Bruce P. Kennedy +2 more
Data from this cross-sectional ecologic study support the notion that income inequality leads to increased mortality via disinvestment in social capital.
American Journal of EpidemiologyASSESSING DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN FIVE PSYCHIATRIC POPULATIONS: A VALIDATION STUDY
2,209 Citations1977Myrna M. Weissman, Diane E. Sholomskas +3 more
Results show that the CES-D scale is a sensitive tool for detecting depressive symptoms and change in symptoms over time in psychiatric populations, and that it agrees quite well with more lengthy self-report scales used in clinical studies and with clinician interview ratings.
New England Journal of MedicineThe Increasing Disparity in Mortality between Socioeconomic Groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986
1,541 Citations1993Gregory Pappas, Susan Queen +2 more
Despite an overall decline in death rates in the United States since 1960, poor and poorly educated people still die at higher rates than those with higher incomes or better educations, and this disparity increased between 1960 and 1986.
BMJInequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways
1,247 Citations1996George A. Kaplan, Elsie R. Pamuk +3 more
Variations between states in the inequality of the distribution of income are significantly associated with variations betweenStates in a large number of health outcomes and social indicators and with mortality trends.
BMJIncome distribution and life expectancy.
1,184 Citations1992Richard G. Wilkinson
There is clear evidence of a strong relation between a societys income distribution and the average life expectancy of its population.
New England Journal of MedicineCumulative Impact of Sustained Economic Hardship on Physical, Cognitive, Psychological, and Social Functioning
882 Citations1997John Lynch, George A. Kaplan +1 more
Sustained economic hardship leads to poorer physical, psychological, and cognitive functioning, and all measures of functioning examined except social isolation are examined.
Introduction to Survey Sampling
833 Citations1983Graham Kalton
BMJIncome distribution, socioeconomic status, and self rated health in the United States: multilevel analysis
817 Citations1998Bruce P. Kennedy, Ichiro Kawachi +2 more
Inequality in the distribution of income was associated with an adverse impact on health independent of the effect of household income, and individuals living in states with the greatest inequalities in income were 30% more likely to report their health as fair or poor.
BMJIncome distribution and mortality: cross sectional ecological study of the Robin Hood index in the United States
805 Citations1996Bruce P. Kennedy, Ichiro Kawachi +1 more
Variations between states in the inequality of income were associated with increased mortality from several causes, suggesting that policies that deal with the growing inequities in income distribution may have an important impact on the health of the population.
PubMedIncome inequality and health: pathways and mechanisms.
701 Citations1999Ichiro Kawachi, Bruce P. Kennedy
The potential mechanisms underlying the so-called relative income hypothesis, which predicts that an individual's health status is better in societies with a more equal distribution of incomes, are outlined.
Social Science & MedicineSocial inequalities in health: Next questions and converging evidence
659 Citations1997Michael Marmot, Carol D. Ryff +3 more
Three large sample studies, one British and two American, brought together for their complementarity in samples, measures, and design, all show similar social gradients for adult men and women in physical and mental morbidity and in psychological well-being, suggesting that indirect selection cannot account for inequalities in health.
American Journal of Public HealthIncome inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States.
583 Citations1998John Lynch, G. A. Kaplan +5 more
Higher income inequality is associated with increased mortality at all per capita income levels, and public and private sector initiatives to reduce economic inequalities should be a high priority.
American Journal of EpidemiologyNeighborhood Social Environment and Risk of Death: Multilevel Evidence from the Alameda County Study
456 Citations1999Irene H. Yen, G. A. Kaplan
The role of area characteristics as a health risk factor is demonstrated and the need for more focused attention to the meaning and measurement of neighborhood quality is pointed to.
BMJHow much of the relation between population mortality and unequal distribution of income is a statistical artefact?
401 Citations1998Hugh Gravelle
It is shown that a positive correlation between population mortality and income inequality can arise at aggregate level even if inequality has no effect on the individual risk of mortality.
BMJPoverty or income inequality as predictor of mortality: longitudinal cohort study
358 Citations1997Kevin Fiscella, Peter Franks
In this nationally representative American sample, family income, but not community income inequality, independently predicts mortality; further study is needed to determine whether these findings apply to national or state-wide income inequality.
Social Science & MedicineWomen's status and the health of women and men: a view from the States
283 Citations1999Ichiro Kawachi, Bruce P. Kennedy +2 more
It is concluded that women experience higher mortality and morbidity in states where they have lower levels of political participation and economic autonomy, and living in such states has detrimental consequences for the health of men as well.
Social Science & MedicineAggregation and the measurement of income inequality: effects on morbidity
261 Citations1999Mah‐Jabeen Soobader, Felicia LeClere
It is suggested that the level of geographic aggregation influences the pathways through which income inequality is actualized into an individuals' morbidity risk, while at lower levels of aggregation, Income inequality is mediated by the neighborhood consequences of income inequality and individual processes.
Milbank QuarterlyMacro‐to‐Micro Links in the Relation between Income Inequality and Mortality
250 Citations1998Mary C. Daly, Greg J. Duncan +2 more
A comparison of state-level data from the U.S. censuses of 1980 and 1990 revealed significant associations between degree of income inequality in state of residence and individual risk of death only for nonelderly individuals with middle-class incomes in 1990.
International Journal of Health ServicesPeople and Places: Contrasting Perspectives on the Association between Social Class and Health
213 Citations1996George A. Kaplan
This article argues for an expanded view that focuses on the relationship between social class and characteristics of the neighborhood and communities in which people live, and illustrates how these characteristics can provide some new directions for research relating class and health.
Western Journal of MedicineRelation between income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstration
189 Citations2000Michael Wolfson
The observed associations in the United States at the state level between income inequality and mortality cannot be entirely or substantially explained as statistical artefacts of an underlying individual level relation between income and mortality.
BMJRelation between income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstration Diminishing returns to aggregate level studies Two pathways, but how much do they diverge?
151 Citations1999Michael Wolfson, G. A. Kaplan +5 more
The empirical analysis reported here suggests that the association between income inequality and mortality is considerably stronger than can be accounted for by any statistical artefact, and research underpinning public health policy should take a broad view of the importance of the social milieu as a fundamental determinant of health.
BMJIncome distribution and life expectancy.
110 Citations1992D. P. Forster
It is strongly recommend that oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and blood pressure are recorded every five minutes for all patients undergoing transvenous pacing; there should be a low threshold for giving supplemental oxygen; and emergency drugs, suction equipment, and equipment to intubate and ventilate patients should be immediately to hand.
Journal of Public EconomicsThe decline of welfare benefits in the U.S.: the role of wage inequality
81 Citations1998Robert Moffitt, David C. Ribar +1 more
National Bureau of Economic ResearchThe Decline of Welfare Benefits in the U.S.: The Role of Wage Inequality
28 Citations1996Robert Moffitt, David C. Ribar +1 more
International Journal of Health ServicesCross-National Income Inequality: How Great is it and What Can We Learn from it?
24 Citations1999Timothy M. Smeeding, Peter Gottschalk
While clear patterns of disposable income inequality differences are found in both level and trend, the authors are still a long way from explaining why these differences came about, whether they will continue to grow or stabilize, and what the social consequences of these changes might be.
PubMedImproving state Medicaid programs for pregnant women and children.
19 Citations1990Ian Hill
States have taken advantage of numerous Federal Medicaid options to implement innovative strategies to enhance low-income women's access to prenatal care and to improve the content of that care.
BMJIncome and mortality in the United States: Incomes should have been adjusted in the two studies
12 Citations1996Ken Judge