Subjective Daytime Sleepiness: Dimensions and Correlates in the General Population
SLEEPPublished 1 May 2005Open access
Hyon Kim, Terry Young
Citations138
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.80
SNIP1.63
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Findings from the present analysis on a general population sample support the hypothesis that subjective daytime sleepiness has multiple dimensions.
Abstract
Findings from the present analysis on a general population sample support the hypothesis that subjective daytime sleepiness has multiple dimensions.
Keywords
PsychologyNeuroscience
Using multivariate statistics
77,462 Citations1983Barbara G. Tabachnick, Linda S. Fidell
In this Section: 1. Multivariate Statistics: Why? and 2. A Guide to Statistical Techniques: Using the Book Research Questions and Associated Techniques.
SLEEPA New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
17,210 Citations1991Murray W. Johns
The development and use of a new scale, the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), is described, which is a simple, self-administered questionnaire which is shown to provide a measurement of the subject's general level of daytime sleepiness.
New England Journal of MedicineThe Occurrence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing among Middle-Aged Adults
10,226 Citations1993Terry Young, Mari Palta +4 more
The prevalence of undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing is high among men and is much higher than previously suspected among women, and is associated with daytime hypersomnolence.
Psychological MethodsEvaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
8,862 Citations1999Leandre R. Fabrigar, Duane T. Wegener +2 more
Choice Reviews OnlineA step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling
3,390 Citations1995
Novice SAS users will find all they need to master SAS basics and to move into advanced statistical analyses in this one book.
SLEEPThe Cumulative Cost of Additional Wakefulness: Dose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation
3,088 Citations2003Hans P. A. Van Dongen, Greg Maislin +2 more
It appears that even relatively moderate sleep restriction can seriously impair waking neurobehavioral functions in healthy adults, and sleep debt is perhaps best understood as resulting in additional wakefulness that has a neurobiological "cost" which accumulates over time.
Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues
2,805 Citations1978Jae-on Kim, Charles W. Mueller
PsychophysiologyQuantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
2,555 Citations1973Eric Hoddes, Vincent P. Zarcone +3 more
SLEEPCumulative Sleepiness, Mood Disturbance, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance Decrements During a Week of Sleep Restricted to 4–5 Hours per Night
2,037 Citations1997David F. Dinges, Frances M. Pack +6 more
It is suggested that cumulative nocturnal sleep debt had a dynamic and escalating analog in cumulative daytime sleepiness and that asymptotic or steady-state sleepiness was not achieved in response to sleep restriction.
SLEEPGuidelines for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): A Standard Measure of Sleepiness
1,588 Citations1986Mary A. Carskadon
The multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) is used in the assessment and diagnosis of disorders of excessive somnolence and to evaluate daytime sleepiness in relation to various therapeutic or experimental manipulations, such as administering drugs and altering the length or timing of nocturnal sleep.
Sleep MedicinePediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ): validity and reliability of scales for sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, sleepiness, and behavioral problems
1,394 Citations2000Ronald D. Chervin, Kristen Hedger +2 more
These scales for childhood SRBDs, snoring, sleepiness, and behavior are valid and reliable instruments that can be used to identifySRBDs or associated symptom-constructs in clinical research when polysomnography is not feasible.
CHEST JournalDaytime Sleepiness, Snoring, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
1,129 Citations1993Murray W. Johns
ESS scores significantly distinguished patients with primary snoring from those with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and ESS scores increased with the severity of OSAS.
Psychological MethodsEvaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
976 Citations1999Leandre R. Fabrigar, Duane T. Wegener +2 more
Understanding StatisticsRepairing Tom Swift's Electric Factor Analysis Machine
857 Citations2003Kristopher J. Preacher, Robert C. MacCallum
SLEEPSleepiness in Different Situations Measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale
726 Citations1994Murray W. Johns
The results of nonparametric ANOVA, Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon's t tests, item and factor analysis suggest that individual measurements of SP involve three components of variation in addition to short-term changes over periods of hours or days.
SLEEPThe Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS): Sleep Habits and School Outcomes in Middle-school Children
589 Citations2003Christopher L. Drake, Chelsea Nickel +4 more
The self-report scale developed in the present work is suitable for middle-school-age children and may be useful in future research given its ease of administration and robust psychometric properties.
CHEST JournalSleepiness, Fatigue, Tiredness, and Lack of Energy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
570 Citations2000Ronald D. Chervin
Complaints of fatigue, tiredness, or lack of energy may be as important as that of sleepiness to OSAS patients, among whom women appear to have all such complaints more frequently than men.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineRelation of Sleepiness to Respiratory Disturbance Index: The Sleep Heart Health Study
565 Citations1999Daniel J. Gottlieb, Coralyn W. Whitney +6 more
It is concluded that SDB is associated with excess sleepiness in community-dwelling, middle-aged and older adults, not limited to those with clinically apparent sleep apnea.
PsychophysiologyCumulative Effects of Sleep Restriction on Daytime Sleepiness
512 Citations1981Mary A. Carskadon, William C. Dement
During the recovery period, daytime sleepiness returned to basal values on all three measures following one full night of sleep; with a daytime nap, no further cumulative effects of sleep restriction were seen.
NeurologyThe Epworth Sleepiness Scale may not reflect objective measures of sleepiness or sleep apnea
392 Citations1999Ronald D. Chervin, Michael S. Aldrich
The data suggest that the subjectively derived ES cannot be used as a surrogate for the objectively determined Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSL) or measures of sleep apnea severity.
SLEEPSleepiness as a Consequence of Shift Work
373 Citations1988Torbjörn Åkerstedt
The results reviewed clearly demonstrate that shift work is associated with increased subjective, behavioral, and physiological sleepiness, and apparently the effects are due to combined circadian and homeostatic influences.
SLEEPDose-response Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Human Psychomotor Vigilance and Subjective Alertness
349 Citations1999Megan E. Jewett, Derk‐Jan Dijk +2 more
It is concluded that although SWS/SWA, subjective alertness, and a wide variety of psychomotor vigilance metrics may all change asymptotically during sleep, it remains to be determined whether the underlying physiologic processes governing their expression are different.
Perceptual and Motor SkillsEffects of Total Sleep Loss on Sleep Tendency
331 Citations1979Mary A. Carskadon, William C. Dement
The multiple sleep latency test appears to be a valuable operationally defined tool for measuring daytime sleepiness and showed a significantly less positive mood and a greater degree of sleepiness during sleep loss, with a recovery to baseline levels after one full night of sleep.
SLEEPSleep Disturbances in a Young Adult Population: Can Gender Differences Be Explained by Differences in Psychological Status?
326 Citations1997Eva Lindberg, Christer Janson +4 more
It is concluded that despite a longer TST, females report insufficient sleep, EDS, DMS, and the absence of feeling refreshed in the morning more frequently than males, which cannot explain the gender differences in sleep disturbances seen in this population.
Journal of Psychosomatic ResearchComparison of the results of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test
306 Citations1997Ronald D. Chervin, Michael S. Aldrich +2 more
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score correlated with the degree to which patients complained of sleepiness and may be useful as an otherwise elusive link between patients' complaints and their objective findings on MSLT.
SLEEPCorrelates of Daytime Sleepiness in 4578 Elderly Persons: The Cardiovascular Health Study
300 Citations1998Coralyn W. Whitney, Paul Enright +4 more
Daytime sleepiness is common in the elderly, probably due to nocturnal disturbances such as frequent awakenings and snoring, but anatomic abnormalities such as evidence of previous strokes and brain atrophy were not associated with daytime sleepiness in these non-institutionalized elderly persons.
Psychosomatic MedicineSocioeconomic Status and Health: The Role of Sleep
291 Citations2002Philip J. Moore, Nancy E. Adler +2 more
Sleep quality may play a mediating role in translating SES into mental and physical well-being, and income seems to mediate the effect of education on sleep and, in turn, health.
Sleep Medicine ReviewsShift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness
254 Citations1998Torbjörn Åkerstedt
There is no clear indication that chronic sleep problems result from long-term shift work, but the main observed effects of the three principal shifts (night, morning and afternoon) on patterns of sleep and wakefulness are described.
SLEEPAssociations Between Gender and Measures of Daytime Somnolence in the Sleep Heart Health Study
244 Citations2004Carol M. Baldwin, Vishesh K. Kapur +3 more
Using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale to detect subjective sleepiness is more likely to identify men with sleepiness than women, indicating that the ESS may be a more sensitive measure of subjectiveSleepiness in men than in women.
Sleep and Biological RhythmsSleep debt: Theoretical and empirical issues*
231 Citations2003Hans P. A. Van Dongen, Naomi L. Rogers +1 more
It is found that sleep debt can lead to fundamentally different daytime responses, depending on whether homeostatic sleep pressure or behavioral alertness is considered, which suggests the existence of an as yet unidentified regulatory mechanism of waking neurobehavioral function.
CHEST JournalMaintenance of Wakefulness Test and Multiple Sleep Latency Test
195 Citations1992R. Bart Sangal, Larry Thomas +1 more
The data demonstrate that patients with diagnosable disorders of excessive somnolence may be discordant on the two tests and that the MWT may be a useful adjuvant daytime test in many clinical situations.
Journal of Sleep ResearchCorrelations among Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, multiple sleep latency tests and psychological symptoms
193 Citations1998L. E. Olson, Martín G. Cole +1 more
The aim of this study was to identify factors other than objective sleep tendency associated with scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and conclude that the MSLT and the ESS are not interchangeable.
Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyAge‐Related Changes of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep‐Wake Cycles
190 Citations2003In‐Young Yoon, Daniel F. Kripke +4 more
To compare relationships between the sleep‐wake cycle and endogenous circadian rhythms in young and older adults and to examine correlates between evening naps and circadian routines in older adults.
Annals of Internal MedicineAssociation between the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in a Clinical Population
189 Citations1999Selim R. Benbadis, Edward Mascha +4 more
No statistically or clinically significant association was seen between scores on the subjective Epworth Sleepiness Scale and results of the objective mean sleep latency test.
Journal of Internal MedicineDaytime sleepiness in an adult, Finnish population
185 Citations1996Christer Hublin, Jaakko Kaprio +3 more
Daytime sleepiness in an adult, Finnish population and the Finnish Twin Cohort: A meta-analysis of clinical practice and animal studies shows clear patterns of decline in both daytime and nighttime sleepiness.
Sleep Medicine ReviewsRethinking the assessment of sleepiness
183 Citations1998Murray W. Johns
A way out of this dilemma is suggested that involves modification of existing concepts of sleep and wakefulness to conclude the powerful influence of behaviour on sleep propensity.
Sleep Medicine ReviewsDaytime sleepiness and its evaluation
179 Citations2002Raymond Cluydts, Elke De Valck +2 more
Rather than searching for a gold standard for the measurement of sleepiness, future research effort should be aimed at linking the various measurement techniques with the hypothesized underlying components ofSleepiness on a sound empirical basis.
SLEEPDaytime Alertness in Relation to Mood, Performance, and Nocturnal Sleep in Chronic Insomniacs and Noncomplaining Sleepers
159 Citations1984Wesley F. Seidel, Ball Stephen +4 more
Nocturnal sleep was recorded prior to daytime testing that included the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, profile of mood states, card sorting, and Stanford Sleepiness Scale in 138 volunteers with the complaint of chronic insomnia and 89 noncomplaining sleepers ("normals").
SLEEPPredictors of Objective Sleep Tendency in the General Population
120 Citations2003Naresh M. Punjabi, Karen Bandeen‐Roche +1 more
Subjective reports of daytime sleep tendency on the ESS and the duration of nighttime sleep are associated with the results of the MSLT in the general population.
Biological PsychiatryThe sleep-wake activity inventory: A self-report measure of daytime sleepiness
107 Citations1993León Rosenthal, Timothy Roehrs +1 more
The SWAI was shown to be easy to complete, have a multi-dimensional structure, have an EDS factor useful in the prediction of average MSLT scores, be sensitive to differential levels of sleepiness, and change as a result of effective treatment.
Chronobiology InternationalTHE SLEEP OF HEALTHY PEOPLE—A DIARY STUDY
104 Citations2000Timothy H. Monk, Daniel J. Buysse +3 more
Weeknight versus weekend night differences in TIB (TIBdiff), weekday alertness, and reliance on alarms were examined as possible indicators of sleep debt and the group with more “catch-up sleep” on weekends had shorter weeknight TIB durations and relied more on an alarm for weekday waking, indicating the possible utility of these variables as sleep debt indices.
Clinical NeurophysiologySubjective sleepiness ratings (Epworth sleepiness scale) do not reflect the same parameter of sleepiness as objective sleepiness (maintenance of wakefulness test) in patients with narcolepsy
88 Citations1999R. Bart Sangal
In a large narcolepsy sample, the MWT and ESS are not equally useful, and do not measure the same parameter of sleepiness.
Neurophysiologie CliniqueWork hours and sleepiness
78 Citations1995Torbjörn Åkerstedt
The present paper finds that shift work is associated with severe sleepiness on the night shift and to some extent on the morning shift, at least as severe as that seen in hypersomnia.
Sleep Medicine ReviewsIdentification and treatment of sleep problems in the elderly
73 Citations1997Sonia Ancoli‐Israel, J. Steven Poceta +3 more
It is shown that it is not the need for sleep that decreases with age, but rather the ability to sleep, which contributes to poor sleep and decreased daytime alertness in the elderly.
Electroencephalography and Clinical NeurophysiologyCorrelates of sleep latency on the multiple sleep latency test in a clinical population
67 Citations1995Ronald D. Chervin, Helena C. Kraemer +1 more
It is concluded that the mean sleep latency on the MSLT, in a clinical population, does not correlate well with a number of variables expected to influence sleepiness.
SLEEPEffects of Different Sleep Reductions on Daytime Sleepiness
56 Citations1999Alessandra Devoto, Fabio Lucidi +2 more
Results indicated a linear increase in the propensity to sleep (MSLT) and of subjective sleepiness as a function of the increase in sleep restrictions and performance scores (WAVT) showed that vigilance is partially affected by sleep restrictions.
SLEEPArousal Components Which Differentiate the MWT from the MSLT*
55 Citations2001Michael H. Bonnet, Donna L. Arand
The MWT differs from the MSLT by taking advantage of the arousal system (motivation and posture) to maintain alertness (i.e., increase sleep latency) and these arousal effects are additive.
PsychophysiologySubjective and Objective Measures of Sleepiness: Effect of Benzodiazepine and Caffeine on Their Relationship
52 Citations1991Laverne C. Johnson, Charles R. Freeman +2 more
It is suggested that subjective and objective measures may measure different aspects of sleepiness, and the importance of time of day when measuring sleepiness is reaffirmed.
Behavioral MedicineSelf-report Sleep Habits as Predictors of Subjective Sleepiness
51 Citations2000June J. Pilcher, Scott E. Schoeling +1 more
The findings in the study suggest that sleepiness is a complex phenomenon rather than a simple reflection of sleep quantity.
Clinics in Chest MedicineEVALUATION OF DAYTIME SLEEPINESS
51 Citations1992Harvey Moldofsky
The evaluation of the tired patient requires an awareness of the various meanings of tiredness, and it is important to differentiate normal sleepiness that is a product of circadian rhythm variation in vigilance from pathologic sleepiness.
Biological PsychiatryPsychometric evaluation of daytime sleepiness and nocturnal sleep onset scales in a representative community sample
47 Citations1999Eric O. Johnson, Naomi Breslau +3 more
This study replicated the results of the clinic-based study and suggested a potentially useful diagnostic threshold for self-report excessive daytime sleepiness, as well as evaluating the replicability of the two scales in a population sample.
Medical HypothesesSleepiness as a state–trait phenomenon, comprising both a sleep drive and a wake drive
39 Citations2003Elke De Valck, Raymond Cluydts
Behavioral MedicineAssessing Subjective Daytime Sleepiness: An Internal State Versus Behavior Approach
37 Citations2003June J. Pilcher, Cynthia L. S. Pury +1 more
Results indicated that the Epworth Sleepiness Scale measured a different aspect of subjective sleepiness than the SSS, POMS, or VAS, and that the ESS loaded highly onto a separate factor.
NeuroepidemiologyValidation of Symptoms Related to Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
30 Citations2001Rita Rinaldi, Luca Vignatelli +6 more
The aim of this study was to validate some recurring definitions of excessive daytime sleepiness obtained from descriptive epidemiological studies, suggesting that the concept of sleepiness includes various domains heterogeneously related with MSL and that questionnaires must be tailored to the different populations studied.
Sleep Medicine ReviewsControversies in the measurement of daytime sleepiness
12 Citations2002Edward Stepanski
The measurement of sleepiness is crucial to the the circadian rhythm as part of the understanding work of sleep researchers and sleep disorder cliniof “sleepiness”.