Wisdom as integrated thought: historical and developmental perspectives

Abstract

The notion that wisdom may be the reward of advancing age has become a hoped-for antidote to views that have cast the process of aging in terms of intellectual deficit and regression. The result has been a flurry of recent writings attempting to define the nature of wisdom from philosophical or empirical perspectives (e.g., Clayton & Birren, 1980; Dittmann-Kohli & Baltes, in press; Holliday & Chandler, 1986; Meacham, 1983; Moody, Clayton, & McKee, 1983; Taranto, 1988). There is some emerging consensus that wisdom refers to a set of attributes assumed to be correlated with advanced age and not usually covered under the umbrella of "intelligence." Moral and spiritual integrity, humility and compassion, or insight into the pragmatic, subjective, and psychological dimensions of life all have been associated with the concept of wisdom. It is not clear, however, just what is the underlying theme that holds together these various elements, nor what is their adaptive significance.