Moment-by-moment variation in experts' analytic and intuitive cognitive activity
IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and CyberneticsPublished 1 January 1988
Robert M. Hamm
Citations51
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Six highway engineers were asked to think aloud while producing formulas that expressed their knowledge of how highway aesthetics, safety, and capacity are determined by sets of relevant factors, producing a moment-by-moment measure of the engineer's cognitive activity.
Abstract
Moment-by-moment variation in the use of intuitive and analytical cognition by experts engaged in a complex judgment task is analyzed. Six highway engineers were asked to think aloud while producing formulas that expressed their knowledge of how highway aesthetics, safety, and capacity are determined by sets of relevant factors. Each engineer's statements were measured with multiple indices of the use of intuitive or analytical cognition, thus producing a moment-by-moment measure of the engineer's cognitive activity. Measures reflecting the rate of alternation between intuition and analysis, as well as patterns of change over time, were derived from this. The subtask the engineer was engaged in at each moment was also measured.>
Keywords
PsychologyNeuroscience
EconometricaProspect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
47,019 Citations1979Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky
Cambridge University Press eBooksProspect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
33,002 Citations1988Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky
British Journal of Educational StudiesPersonal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy
7,615 Citations1959Louis Arnaud Reid, Michael L. Polanyi
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis
3,964 Citations1984Robert Rosenthal, Ralph L. Rosnow
This chapter discusses the nature of Behavioral Research, the development and testing of research ideas, and the selection of subjects and Stimuli for experiments.
Journal of the Operational Research SocietyDecisions with Multiple Objectives—Preferences and Value Tradeoffs
1,752 Citations1977John Kidd
Psychological BulletinContingent decision behavior.
892 Citations1982John W. Payne
Reviews the literature showing the effects of task and context variables on decision behavior and evaluates alternative theories for handlingtask and context effects, including cost/benefit principles, perceptual processes, and adaptive production systems.
IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and CyberneticsDirect comparison of the efficacy of intuitive and analytical cognition in expert judgment
572 Citations1987Kenneth R. Hammond, Robert M. Hamm +2 more
Direct comparisons were made of expert highway engineers' use of analytical, quasirational, and intuitive cognition on three different tasks, each displayed in three different ways, showing that the location of the task on the task index induced the expert's cognition to be located at the corresponding region on the cognitive continuum index.
Artificial IntelligenceInteractive transfer of expertise: Acquisition of new inference rules
299 Citations1979Randall Davis
The concept of meta-level knowledge is described and illustrations given of its utility in knowledge acquisition and its contribution to the more general issues of creating an intelligent program.
Journal of Risk & InsuranceRisk Taking and Problem Context in the Domain of Losses: An Expected Utility Analysis
277 Citations1980John C. Hershey, Paul J. H. Schoemaker
ScienceStudying Scientific Discovery by Computer Simulation
113 Citations1983Gary F. Bradshaw, Patrick Langley +1 more
Comparison of BACON's discovery methods with historical records of Black's work casts light on the relation between data-driven and theory-driven discovery.
IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and CyberneticsExpertise in Debugging Computer Programs: An Analysis of the Content of Verbal Protocols
110 Citations1986Iris Vessey
The research provided some support for the notion that experts are situation-dependent problem solvers, while novices are situations-independent problemsolvers.
Annals of the Rheumatic DiseasesClinical judgment in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Judging ‘current disease activity’ in clinical practice.
85 Citations1983John Kirwan, D M Chaput de Saintonge +2 more
Analysis of two rheumatologists' judgments provides a model of judgment policy which contains only 3 clinical variables but explains over 94% of the variance in judgments.
The Integration of Research in Judgment and Decision Theory
65 Citations1980Kenneth R. Hammond
Organizational Behavior and Human PerformanceThe influence of formal, substantive, and contextual task properties on the relative effectiveness of different forms of feedback in multiple-cue probability learning tasks
61 Citations1981Leonard Adelman
Principles of Organization in Intuitive and Analytical Cognition.
55 Citations1981Kenneth R. Hammond
Psychological BulletinGeneralizing over conditions by combining the multitrait-multimethod matrix and the representative design of experiments.
53 Citations1986Kenneth R. Hammond, Robert M. Hamm +1 more
Analysis methods should be substituted for the current largely intuitive methods for generalizing results over conditions and a methodology that combines Campbell and Fiske's multitrait multimethod matrix and Brunswik's representative design of experiments is presented.
Artificial Intelligence
47 Citations2009
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesComplex decision making: A longitudinal study of process and performance
44 Citations1985David M. Schweiger, Carl R. Anderson +1 more
It was found that a number of information-processing and information-evaluation thought processes were significantly related to game performance andCausal replication using real managers within organizational settings is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn from this research.
Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietyOptional Stopping Performance under Graphic and Numeric CRT Formatting
42 Citations1985David R. Schwartz, William C. Howell
Two experiments sought to determine whether and if so, how, performance varies as a function of the manner in which a progressively unfolding decision problem is displayed over time.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesCognitive strategies in a complex judgment task: Analyses of concurrent verbal reports and judgments of cumulated risk over different exposure times
37 Citations1985Ola Svenson
Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)A Theoretically Based Review of Theory and Research in Judgment and Decision Making
33 Citations1986Kenneth R. Hammond
Improving Scientists’ Judgments of Risk
26 Citations1985Kenneth R. Hammond, Barry F. Anderson +2 more
Risk AnalysisImproving Scientists’Judgments of Risk
26 Citations1984Kenneth R. Hammond, Barry F. Anderson +2 more
Toward a Unified Approach to the Study of Expert Judgment
15 Citations1987Kenneth R. Hammond
One of the marks of the 20th century must surely be the rise of the importance of the expert as the operating functions of even ordinary household appliances become increasingly less and less understandable to the person who uses them, and the expert who does understand them increases in importance.
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinBurglary (Non)prevention: An Instance of Relinquishing Control
12 Citations1978Jeremy Miransky, Ellen J. Langer
Task Influences in the Analytic-Intuitive Approach to Decision Making
8 Citations1984William C. Howell