Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system
Nature reviews. NeurosciencePublished 20 September 2004Open access
Henry Markram, Maria Toledo‐Rodriguez, Yun Wang, Anirudh Gupta, Gilad Silberberg, Caizhi Wu
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TL;DR
This review focuses on the organizing principles that govern the diversity of inhibitory interneurons and their circuits.
Abstract
Mammals adapt to a rapidly changing world because of the sophisticated cognitive functions that are supported by the neocortex. The neocortex, which forms almost 80% of the human brain, seems to have arisen from repeated duplication of a stereotypical microcircuit template with subtle specializations for different brain regions and species. The quest to unravel the blueprint of this template started more than a century ago and has revealed an immensely intricate design. The largest obstacle is the daunting variety of inhibitory interneurons that are found in the circuit. This review focuses on the organizing principles that govern the diversity of inhibitory interneurons and their circuits.
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241 Citations1993Shaul Hestrin
The results indicate that pyramidal neurons and aspiny interneurons express different non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and that selective desensitization of interneuron receptors may contribute to depression of inhibition.
Journal of NeuroscienceK<sup>+</sup>Channel Expression Distinguishes Subpopulations of Parvalbumin- and Somatostatin-Containing Neocortical Interneurons
241 Citations1999Alan Y. Chow, Alev Erişir +6 more
Results raise the possibility that the fast-spiking properties of superficial- and deep-layer PV neurons are differentially regulated by neuromodulators.
Cerebral CortexCorrelation Maps Allow Neuronal Electrical Properties to be Predicted from Single-cell Gene Expression Profiles in Rat Neocortex
240 Citations2004Maria Toledo‐Rodriguez
This is the first report of a consistent relationship between the co-expression of a large profile of ion channel and calcium binding protein genes and the electrical phenotype of individual neocortical neurons.
NeuroscienceA microcolumnar structure of monkey cerebral cortex revealed by immunocytochemical studies of double bouquet cell axons
239 Citations1990Javier DeFelipe, S.H.C. Hendry +3 more
The data suggest that the double bouquet cell is a chemically heterogeneous, but ubiquitous morphological type of cortical interneuron, whose uniquely bundled axonal system, which is probably GABAergic, imposes a fundamental microcolumnar organization upon the cerebral cortex.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyCombined golgi and electron microscopic study on the synapses formed by double bouquet cells in the visual cortex of the cat and monkey
237 Citations1981Péter Somogyi, Alan Cowey
The morphology of certain Golgi‐stained cells was examined in the striate and peristriate cortex of the cat and in thestriate cortex in the rhesus monkey.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyOrganization of pyramidal neurons in area 17 of monkey visual cortex
210 Citations1991Alan Peters, Claire Sethares
In sections of area 17 of monkey visual cortex treated with an antibody to MAP2 the disposition of the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons is readily visible and it is proposed that each cluster of apical dendrite represents the axis of a module of pyramidal cells that has a diameter of about 30 μm and contains about 142 neurons.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyLocal circuit neurons of developing and mature macaque prefrontal cortex: Golgi and immunocytochemical characteristics
209 Citations1993Jennifer S. Lund, David A. Lewis
Similarities in morphology between cells described in human prefrontal cortex and neuron varieties described in this study indicate that this region of monkey prefrontal cortex may serve as a useful model for neuron populations inhuman prefrontal cortex.
Cerebral CortexIntrinsic Synaptic Organization of the Motor Cortex
203 Citations1993Asaf Keller
These studies demonstrate that the motor cortex is composed of modules consisting of columnar aggregates of neurons related to different aspects of the same movement, and that the intrinsic inhibitory and excitatory connections are involved in the plasticity of representation zones in the Motor cortex.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologySynaptic connections of intracellularly filled clutch cells: A type of small basket cell in the visual cortex of the cat
202 Citations1985Z. F. Kisvárday, Kevan A Martin +2 more
Light and electron microscopic quantitative analysis was carried out on a type of neuron intracellularly filled with horseradish peroxidase, which was on the border of layers IVa/b and received synapses from numerous large boutons with round synaptic vesicles.
Journal of NeuroscienceMorphology and Physiology of Cortical Neurons in Layer I
198 Citations1996Shaul Hestrin, William E. Armstrong
The electrophysiological and morphological properties of layer I neurons were studied in visual cortex slices from 7- to 19-d-old rats using whole-cell recording and biocytin labeling to suggest the presence of excitatory and inhibitory inputs.
NeuroscienceSingle axon excitatory postsynaptic potentials in neocortical interneurons exhibit pronounced paired pulse facilitation
197 Citations1993Alex M. Thomson, Jim Deuchars +1 more
Two hypotheses arising from the present study are discussed: (i) that branch point failure contributes to the pattern of synaptic activation at these connections; and (ii) that both presynaptic pyramidal firing pattern and axonal geometry contribute to the selection of the type of postsynaptic neurone preferentially activated.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyNetwork of GABAergic large basket cells in cat visual cortex (area 18): Implication for lateral disinhibition
197 Citations1993Zoltán F. Kisvárday, Clermont Beaulieu +1 more
The topographical and synaptic relationship between identified GABAergic large basket cells and their immunohistochemically characterized target neurons revealed by parvalbumin‐(PV) and GABA immunostaining in the same material is studied.
Journal of NeuroscienceFrequency and Dendritic Distribution of Autapses Established by Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons in the Developing Rat Neocortex: Comparison with Synaptic Innervation of Adjacent Neurons of the Same Class
194 Citations1996Joachim Lübke, Henry Markram +2 more
The regular occurrence, dendritic distribution, and fine structure of autapses established on layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the developing rat neocortex suggest that autaptic and synaptic circuits are governed by some common principles of synapse formation.
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