Classification of self-normalized vowels
IEEE Transactions on Audio and ElectroacousticsPublished 1 March 1968
Louis J. Gerstman
Citations174
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Abstract
The classical vowel measurements of Peterson and Barney in 1952 have been reexamined on an individual basis to determine the minimum dimensionality required to classify a single talker's vowels, and the minimum number of vowels required to specify the dimensions. It was found that two formants are adequate for this purpose, and that no more than three vowels are required to scale the frequencies of two-formant space. Within that self-normalized space, all vowels have standard locations which are similar for all talkers.
Keywords
PsychologyComputer Science
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaControl Methods Used in a Study of the Vowels
2,783 Citations1952Gordon E. Peterson, Harold L. Barney
Control methods used in the evaluation of effects of language and dialectal backgrounds and vocal and auditory characteristics of the individuals concerned in a vowel study program at Bell Telephone Laboratories are discussed.
WORDAn Experimental Study of the Acoustic Determinants of Vowel Color; Observations on One- and Two-Formant Vowels Synthesized from Spectrographic Patterns
274 Citations1952Pierre Delattre, Alvin M. Liberman +2 more
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaDimensional Analysis of Vowel Spectra
142 Citations1967R. Plomp, L.C.W. Pols +1 more
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaAn Artificial Talker Driven from a Phonetic Input
26 Citations1961John L. Kelly, Louis J. Gerstman
This paper describes a method of producing artificial speech from a phonetic input, i.e., symbols representing the names of phonemes corresponding to a given text are fed into a machine and the acoustic waveforms of connected speech emerge.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaComputer Identification of Vowel Types
11 Citations1961Jessica Foulkes
A coordinate transformation which simplifies the boundaries of the vowel types and related perceived vowel quality to measurements of the first three formant frequencies and the voice pitch is described.