Telephone Screening, Outreach, and Care Management for Depressed Workers and Impact on Clinical and Work Productivity Outcomes
JAMAPublished 25 September 2007Open access
Philip S. Wang, Gregory E. Simon, Jerry Avorn, Francisca Azocar, Evette Ludman, Joyce McCulloch
Citations408
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
A systematic program to identify depression and promote effective treatment significantly improves not only clinical outcomes but also workplace outcomes.
Abstract
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00057590.
Keywords
PsychologyHealth Professions
BiometrikaThe central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
30,963 Citations1983Paul R. Rosenbaum, Donald B. Rubin
Psychological MedicineShort screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress
10,248 Citations2002Ronald C. Kessler, Gavin Andrews +6 more
The brevity, strong psychometric properties, and ability to discriminate DSM-IV cases from non-cases make the K10 and K6 attractive for use in general-purpose health surveys.
JAMAValidation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD<SUBTITLE>The PHQ Primary Care Study</SUBTITLE>
9,822 Citations1999Robert L. Spitzer
The study suggests that the PHQ has diagnostic validity comparable to the original clinician-administered PRIME-MD, and is more efficient to use.
British Journal of Social and Clinical PsychologyDevelopment of a Rating Scale for Primary Depressive Illness
8,470 Citations1967Max Hamilton
This is an account of further work on a rating scale for depressive states, including a detailed discussion on the general problems of comparing successive samples from a ‘population’, the meaning of factor scores, and the other results obtained.
JAMAThe Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder
7,994 Citations2003Ronald C. Kessler, Patricia A. Berglund +7 more
Notably, major depressive disorder is a common disorder, widely distributed in the population, and usually associated with substantial symptom severity and role impairment, and while the recent increase in treatment is encouraging, inadequate treatment is a serious concern.
Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine
7,119 Citations1996
The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020.
6,935 Citations1996Christopher J L Murray, Alan D López
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change
5,971 Citations1999Steven C. Hayes, Kirk D. Strosahl +1 more
Archives of General PsychiatryScreening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population
5,569 Citations2003Ronald C. Kessler, Peggy R. Barker +9 more
Archives of General PsychiatryTwelve-Month Use of Mental Health Services in the United States
2,708 Citations2005Philip S. Wang, Michael Lane +4 more
Most people with mental disorders in the United States remain either untreated or poorly treated, and interventions are needed to enhance treatment initiation and quality.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationMultiple Imputation After 18+ Years
2,693 Citations1996Donald B. Rubin
A description of the assumed context and objectives of multiple imputation is provided, and a review of the multiple imputations framework and its standard results are reviewed.
JAMAThe functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study
2,524 Citations1989Kenneth B. Wells
JAMACollaborative Care Management of Late-Life Depression in the Primary Care Setting
2,385 Citations2002Jürgen Unützer, Wayne Katon +15 more
The IMPACT collaborative care model appears to be feasible and significantly more effective than usual care for depression in a wide range of primary care practices.
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric ResearchThe World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview short‐form (CIDI‐SF)
2,261 Citations1998Ronald C. Kessler, Gavin Andrews +3 more
Results are quite encouraging in suggesting that diagnostic classifications made in the full CIDI can be reproduced with excellent accuracy with the C IDI‐SF scales, however, independent verification of this reproduction accuracy is needed in a data set other than the one in which the CIDi‐SF was developed.
Psychological MedicineThe Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): psychometric properties
2,192 Citations1996A. John Rush, Christina M. Gullion +3 more
Analysis of sensitivity to change in symptom severity in an open-label trial of fluoxetine showed that the IDs-C and IDS-SR were highly related to the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
JAMACost of Lost Productive Work Time Among US Workers With Depression
1,434 Citations2003Walter F. Stewart
The combined LPT burden among those with depression and the low level of treatment suggests that there may be cost-effective opportunities for improving depression-related outcomes in the US workforce.
JAMACollaborative Management to Achieve Treatment Guidelines
1,395 Citations1995Wayne Katon
A multifaceted intervention consisting of collaborative management by the primary care physician and a consulting psychiatrist, intensive patient education, and surveillance of continued refills of antidepressant medication improved adherence to antidepressant regimens in patients with major and with minor depression and resulted in more favorable depressive outcomes.
Archives of Internal MedicineCollaborative Care for Depression
1,328 Citations2006Simon Gilbody
Collaborative care is more effective than standard care in improving depression outcomes in the short and longer terms.
JAMADepression, Disability Days, and Days Lost From Work in a Prospective Epidemiologic Survey
1,208 Citations1990W E Broadhead
The threshold for identifying clinically significant depression may need to be reevaluated to include persons with fewer symptoms but measurable morbidity, only by changing the nosology can the societal impact of depression be adequately addressed.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental MedicineThe World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ)
1,143 Citations2003Ronald C. Kessler, Catherine Barber +9 more
The HPQ is described as a self-report instrument designed to estimate the workplace costs of health problems in terms of reduced job performance, sickness absence, and work-related accidents-injuries.
Journal of Health EconomicsThe friction cost method for measuring indirect costs of disease
1,140 Citations1995Marc Koopmanschap, Frans Rutten +2 more
These estimates are considerably lower than estimates based on the traditional human capital approach, but they better reflect the economic impact of illness.
Archives of General PsychiatryThe Quality of Care for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in the United States
1,078 Citations2001Alexander S. Young, Ruth Klap +2 more
Most adults with a probable depressive or anxiety disorder do not receive appropriate care for their disorder, and this holds across diverse groups, appropriate care is less common in certain demographic subgroups.
JAMAImpact of Disseminating Quality Improvement Programs for Depression in Managed Primary Care
1,033 Citations2000Kenneth B. Wells, Cathy Sherbourne +7 more
When managed primary care practices implemented QI programs that improve opportunities for depression treatment without mandating it, quality of care, mental health outcomes, and retention of employment of depressed patients improved over a year, while medical visits did not increase overall.
Psychiatry ResearchThe inventory for depressive symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings
915 Citations1986A. John Rush, Donna E. Giles +4 more
The Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology appears applicable to both inpatients and outpatients with endogenous, atypical, and nonendogenous major depression, and may have utility with dysthymics.
Archives of General PsychiatryA Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Treatment of Depression in Primary Care
850 Citations1996Wayne Katon
Archives of General PsychiatryFunctioning and Well-being Outcomes of Patients With Depression Compared With Chronic General Medical Illnesses
848 Citations1995Ron D. Hays
Depressed patients have substantial and long-lasting decrements in multiple domains of functioning and well-being that equal or exceed those of patients with chronic medical illnesses.
PubMedThe functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study.
845 Citations1989Kenneth B. Wells, Anita L. Stewart +7 more
JAMAEducational and Organizational Interventions to Improve the Management of Depression in Primary Care
754 Citations2003Simon Gilbody, Paula Whitty +2 more
There is substantial potential to improve the management of depression in primary care and commonly used guidelines and educational strategies are likely to be ineffective.
Medical Entomology and ZoologyHealth Behavior Change: A Guide for Practitioners
737 Citations1999Stephen Rollnick, Pip Mason +1 more
This chapter discusses the Tasks, Application, Common Clinical Encounters, Training Health Professionals, Broader Horizons and Foundations: Theory and Practice.
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric ResearchThe National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R): background and aims
731 Citations2004Ronald C. Kessler, Kathleen R. Merikangas
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication was designed to investigate time trends and their correlates over the decade of the 1990s and expand the assessment of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders beyond the assessment in the baseline NCS in order to address a number of important substantive and methodological issues that were raised by the NCS.
Psychological MedicineThe impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days
720 Citations1997Ronald C. Kessler, Richard G. Frank
The results reported here suggest that work impairment is one of the adverse consequences of psychiatric disorders, and the current policy debate concerning insurance coverage for mental disorders needs to take these consequences into consideration.
Journal of General Internal MedicineRecent care of common mental disorders in the united states
694 Citations2000Philip S. Wang, Patricia Berglund +1 more
An epidemic of untreated and poorly treated mental disorders exists in the United States, especially among vulnerable groups such as African Americans and the underinsured, and cost-effective interventions are needed to improve both access to and quality of treatment.
Archives of General PsychiatryStepped Collaborative Care for Primary Care Patients With Persistent Symptoms of Depression
666 Citations1999Wayne Katon, Michael Von Korff +7 more
A multifaceted program targeted to patients whose depressive symptoms persisted 6 to 8 weeks after initiation of antidepressant medication by their primary care physician was found to significantly improve adherence to antidepressants, satisfaction with care, and depressive outcomes compared with usual care.
American Journal of Public HealthAdequacy of Treatment for Serious Mental Illness in the United States
589 Citations2002Philip S. Wang, Olga Demler +1 more
Inadequate treatment of serious mental illness is an enormous public health problem and public policies and cost-effective interventions are needed to improve both access to treatment and quality of treatment.
Archives of General PsychiatryTreatments of Depression and the Functional Capacity to Work
568 Citations1992Jim Mintz
Archives of General PsychiatryDisability and Depression Among High Utilizers of Health Care
529 Citations1992Michael Von Korff
BMJRandomised trial of monitoring, feedback, and management of care by telephone to improve treatment of depression in primary care
523 Citations2000Gwendal Simon
A programme of systematic follow up and care management by telephone, however, significantly improved outcomes at modest cost.
BMJRandomised controlled trial comparing problem solving treatment with amitriptyline and placebo for major depression in primary care
496 Citations1995Laurence Mynors‐Wallis, Dennis Gath +2 more
This study found that problem solving is an effective psychological treatment for major depression in primary care—as effective as amitriptyline and more effective than placebo.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental MedicineUsing the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) to Evaluate the Indirect Workplace Costs of Illness
457 Citations2004Ronald C. Kessler, Minnie Ames +6 more
An overview of methodological issues in estimating the indirect workplace costs of illness from data obtained in employee surveys using the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) is presented.
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric ResearchThe Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): Clinician (IDS‐C) and Self‐Report (IDS‐SR) ratings of depressive symptoms
439 Citations2000A. John Rush, Thomas Carmody +1 more
Archives of General PsychiatryTreating Major Depression in Primary Care Practice
433 Citations1996Herbert C. Schulberg
Severity of depressive symptoms was reduced more rapidly and more effectively among patients randomized to pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy than among patients assigned to a physician's usual care.
The British Journal of PsychiatryCollaborative care for depression in primary care
429 Citations2006Peter Bower, Simon Gilbody +3 more
Meta-regression may be useful in examining ‘active ingredients' in complex interventions in mental health, particularly in relation to collaborative care models for depression in primary care.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental MedicineThe Role of Health Risk Factors and Disease on Worker Productivity
425 Citations1999Wayne N. Burton, Daniel J. Conti +3 more
A measure of the actual decrease in the productivity of employees while they are on the job is included, in addition to measures of absenteeism and disability, to produce a Worker Productivity Index.
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric ResearchThe economic burden of depression and the cost‐effectiveness of treatment
404 Citations2003Philip S. Wang, Gregory E. Simon +1 more
Cost‐of‐illness research has shown that depression is associated with an enormous economic burden, in the order of tens of billions of dollars each year in the US alone, partly because of the widespread underuse and poor quality use of otherwise efficacious and tolerable depression treatments.
JAMATelephone Psychotherapy and Telephone Care Management for Primary Care Patients Starting Antidepressant Treatment
400 Citations2004Gregory E. Simon, Evette Ludman +3 more
For primary care patients beginning antidepressant treatment, a telephone program integrating care management and structured cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy can significantly improve satisfaction and clinical outcomes.
Health AffairsThe Business Case For Quality: Case Studies And An Analysis
362 Citations2003Sheila Leatherman, Donald M. Berwick +5 more
This work examines four cases--management of high-cost pharmaceuticals, diabetes management, smoking cessation, and wellness programs in the workplace--to understand the financial and clinical implications of improving care.
Archives of Family MedicineRandomized Trial of a Depression Management Program in High Utilizers of Medical Care
333 Citations2000David J. Katzelnick
In depressed high utilizers not already in active treatment, a systematic primary care-based treatment program can substantially increase adequate antidepressant treatment, decrease depression severity, and improve general health status compared with usual care.
American Journal of PsychiatryCost-Effectiveness of a Collaborative Care Program for Primary Care Patients With Persistent Depression
330 Citations2001Gregory E. Simon, Wayne Katon +7 more
A stepped collaborative care program for depressed primary care patients led to substantial increases in treatment effectiveness and moderate increases in costs, consistent with those of other randomized trials.
Health AffairsComparing The National Economic Burden Of Five Chronic Conditions
322 Citations2001Benjamin G. Druss, Steven C. Marcus +4 more
Using a nationally representative sample of 23,230 U.S. residents, patterns of economic burden across five chronic conditions: mood disorders, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, and hypertension are examined.
Psychosomatic MedicineTreatment Costs, Cost Offset, and Cost-Effectiveness of Collaborative Management of Depression
274 Citations1998Michael Von Korff, Wayne Katon +7 more
Collusive Care increased depression treatment costs and improved the cost-effectiveness of treatment for patients with major depression, and may provide a means of increasing the value of treatment services for major depression.
American Journal of Public HealthDepression, anxiety, and social disability show synchrony of change in primary care patients.
261 Citations1993Johan Ormel, Michael Von Korff +4 more
Psychiatric illness in primary care patients is associated with mild to moderate disability, and severity of psychiatric illness and disability show synchrony of change, and disability was found in occupational and social roles.
PubMedEvaluation of National Health Interview Survey diagnostic reporting.
245 Citations1994Marc L. Berk, John Gary Collins +5 more
The analysis compares the reporting of certain chronic conditions by household interview respondents against the presence of these conditions in medical records, examining the differences in agreement across conditions and across respondent characteristics.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental MedicineThe Business Case for Quality Mental Health Services: Why Employers Should Care About the Mental Health and Well-Being of Their Employees
220 Citations2002Ron Z. Goetzel, Ronald J. Ozminkowski +2 more
There is growing evidence that productivity improvements occur as a consequence of effective treatment, and those improvements may offset the cost of the treatment.
Medical CareThe Effect of Improving Primary Care Depression Management on Employee Absenteeism and Productivity
216 Citations2004Kathryn Rost, Jeffrey L. Smith +1 more
This trial, which is the first to the authors' knowledge to demonstrate that improving the quality of care for any chronic disease has positive consequences for productivity and absenteeism, encourages formal cost-benefit research to assess the potential return-on-investment employers of stable workforces can realize from using their purchasing power to encourage better depression treatment for their employees.
Journal of Health EconomicsWorkplace performance effects from chronic depression and its treatment
213 Citations1998Ernst R. Berndt, Stan N. Finkelstein +6 more
Evidence is presented supporting the hypotheses that for chronically depressed individuals: (i) the level of perceived at-work performance is negatively related to the severity of depressive status; and (ii) a reduction in depressive severity improves the patient's perceived work performance.
Archives of General PsychiatryA Randomized Trial to Improve the Quality of Treatment for Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care
197 Citations2005Bruce L. Rollman, Bea Herbeck Belnap +7 more
Telephone-based collaborative care for panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder is more effective than usual care at improving anxiety symptoms, health-related quality of life, and work-related outcomes.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental MedicineChronic Medical Conditions and Work Performance in the Health and Work Performance Questionnaire Calibration Surveys
193 Citations2003Philip S. Wang, Arne Beck +9 more
Investigation of associations between chronic conditions and work performance in reservation agents, customer service representatives, executives, and railroad engineers found arthritis had the largest aggregate effect on absenteeism–presenteeism, and only depression affected both absenteeism- presenteeism and critical incidents.
The British Journal of PsychiatryCosts and consequences of enhanced primary care for depression
173 Citations2006Simon Gilbody, Peter Bower +1 more
Improved outcomes through depression management programmes using a collaborative care/case management approach can be expected, but are associated with increased cost and will require investment.
Psychological MedicineCase management to improve major depression in primary health care: a systematic review
140 Citations2005Jochen Gensichen, Martin Beyer +4 more
It is concluded that case management improves management of major depression in primary health-care settings and is found heterogeneous results when assessing effects of different types of intervention.
Psychiatric ServicesAligning Incentives in the Treatment of Depression in Primary Care With Evidence-Based Practice
128 Citations2003Richard G. Frank, Haiden A. Huskamp +1 more
Various changes, such as in contractual relationships, payment methods for primary care physicians, and performance measurement, can be made in existing institutional arrangements to better align them with emerging clinical technologies and evidence-based practice.
Psychological MedicineImpact of improved depression treatment in primary care on daily functioning and disability
122 Citations1998Gregory E. Simon, Wayne Katon +8 more
More effective acute-phase depression treatment reduced somatic distress and improved self-rated overall health and the absence of a significant intervention effect on other disability measures may reflect the brief treatment and follow-up period and the influence of other individual and environmental factors on disability.
Archives of General PsychiatryThe Costs and Benefits of Enhanced Depression Care to Employers
120 Citations2006Philip S. Wang, Amanda R. Patrick +6 more
If these results can be replicated in effectiveness trials directly assessing effects on work outcomes, they suggest that enhanced treatment quality programs for depression are cost-beneficial to purchasers.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyA randomized trial of telephone psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for depression: Continuation and durability of effects.
100 Citations2007Evette Ludman, Gregory E. Simon +2 more
Addition of a brief, structured CBT program can significantly improve clinical outcomes for the large number of patients beginning antidepressant treatment in primary care.
Journal of Affective DisordersChanges in daily life experience associated with clinical improvement in depression
86 Citations1995Daniela Q.C.M. Barge‐Schaapveld
Depressed outpatients' experience of daily activities after 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment were assessed with the experience sampling method (ESM), and treatment responders improved more than nonresponders in the domains of household chores, leisure and social activities.
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric ResearchEmerging models of depression care: multi‐level (‘6 P’) strategies
76 Citations2003Harold Alan Pincus, Lin Hough +3 more
This paper describes clinical and systems barriers and considers the perspectives of various stakeholder groups; presents emerging clinical models for providing evidence‐based care as well as economic strategies for overcoming barriers to their implementation; and proposes community‐based approaches that will need to be tested.
American Journal of PsychiatryImipramine and social-vocational adjustment in chronic depression
75 Citations1988James H. Kocsis, A J Frances +4 more
Imipramine was associated with significantly greater pre- to posttreatment improvement of social-vocational impairments in chronic depression, suggesting that these impairments may have represented affective symptoms rather than characterologic deficits.
PubMedTelephone counseling as an adjunct to antidepressant treatment in the primary care system. A pilot study.
75 Citations2000S. Tutty, Gregory E. Simon +1 more
A telephone counseling and medication monitoring intervention was well accepted by adult patients starting treatment for depression in primary care and seems to significantly improve depression outcomes without affecting the number of visits for treatment of depression.
Journal of Affective DisordersLife satisfaction and psychosocial functioning in chronic depression: Effect of acute treatment with antidepressants
53 Citations1991Vito Agosti, Jonathan W. Stewart +1 more
The results suggest that psychosocial impairment in some chronic depressives may be a sequaela of depression, rather than a global manifestation of characterological pathology.
The International Journal of Psychiatry in MedicineThe Design, Implementation, and Acceptance of a Primary Care-Based Intervention to Prevent Depression Relapse
43 Citations2000Evette Ludman, Michael Von Korff +7 more
It is concluded that it is feasible to integrate a low intensity, twelve-month relapse prevention intervention for depression into a primary care clinic.
PubMedThe acceptability and effectiveness of patient-reported assessments and feedback in a managed behavioral healthcare setting.
41 Citations2005Benjamin B. Brodey, Brian J. Cuffel +5 more
The study suggests that patient-reported mental health assessments have the potential both to become acceptable to clinicians and to improve the effectiveness of clinical care.
Medical CareEffects of Efforts to Increase Response Rates on a Workplace Chronic Condition Screening Survey
40 Citations2002Philip S. Wang, Arne Beck +7 more
Examining the prevalences and work impairments associated with chronic conditions across four HRA subsamples that differed in intensity of recruitment effort found that expanded HRAs can provide useful data on the prevalence of conditions and their effects on work performance even if response rates are low.
National Bureau of Economic ResearchMeasuring the Effects of Workloss on Productivity With Team Production
39 Citations2004Sean Nicholson, Marc Pauly +3 more
Psychiatric ServicesExploratory Evidence on the Market for Effective Depression Care in Pittsburgh
29 Citations2004Michael Schoenbaum, Kelly J. Kelleher +4 more
There is currently little demand among purchasers for improving depression care and little interest among insurers and providers for improving care in the absence of purchaser demand, suggesting strategies to help overcome this inertia.
The Journal of Clinical PsychiatryFunctional Status in Depressed Patients
21 Citations1996Josephine Mauskopf, George Simeon +3 more
Functional status improved in patients treated with bupropion SR for up to 56 days and was highly correlated with improvement in clinical symptoms and was related to patient characteristics at study entry as well as to treatment patterns during the study.
Journal for Healthcare QualityMonitoring Patient Improvement and Treatment Outcomes in Managed Behavioral Health
16 Citations2007Francisca Azocar, Brian J. Cuffel +4 more
Using baseline and ongoing measures to assess patient improvement can provide clinicians with feedback during treatment, which may lead to better clinical outcomes and enable quality management systems in managed care to flag high‐risk cases and identify failure of adequate improvement.
The International Journal of Psychiatry in MedicineWho Benefits from More Structured Depression Treatment?
15 Citations2004Terry Bush, Carolyn M. Rutter +6 more
Acta Psychiatrica ScandinavicaSubjective bias in reports of poor work adjustment in depressed patients
14 Citations1989A. Morgado, Nadine Raoux +3 more
Much of the poor work adjustment reported by the acutely depressed patients thus seems to be caused by symptom‐related subjective bias.
…