Cocaine-induced cerebral vasoconstriction differs as a function of sex and menstrual cycle phase
Biological PsychiatryPublished 1 May 2001
Marc J. Kaufman, Jonathan M. Levin, Luis C. Maas, Thellea J. Kukes, Rosemond A. Villafuerte, Kerstin Dostal
Citations66
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score4.68
SNIP2.24
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Both menstrual cycle phase and sex differences in cocaine's acute cerebrovascular effects are suggested, which may contribute to sex Differences in the severity of brain dysfunction found in chronic cocaine abusers.
Abstract
These findings suggest both menstrual cycle phase and sex differences in cocaine's acute cerebrovascular effects, which may contribute to sex differences in the severity of brain dysfunction found in chronic cocaine abusers. These findings imply that gonadal steroids or the factors they modulate merit study as possible therapeutic agents for reducing cocaine-induced cerebrovascular disorders.
Keywords
MedicineNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
The LancetMild cognitive impairment
3,865 Citations2006Serge Gauthier, Barry Reisberg +17 more
Although there are no pharmacological treatments at present that are capable of delaying the long-term progression of MCI to dementia, there is some evidence of short-term symptomatic benefits with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
NeuronAcute Effects of Cocaine on Human Brain Activity and Emotion
1,271 Citations1997Hans C Breiter, Randy L. Gollub +11 more
The ability of fMRI to map dynamic patterns of brain activation following cocaine infusion in cocaine-dependent subjects is demonstrated and evidence of dynamically changing brain networks associated with cocaine- induced euphoria and cocaine-induced craving is provided.
StrokeThe Effects of Changes in Pa <scp>CO</scp> <sub>2</sub> Cerebral Blood Volume, Blood Flow, and Vascular Mean Transit Time
1,051 Citations1974Robert L. Grubb, Marcus E. Raichle +2 more
Clinical EndocrinologyCardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long‐term follow‐up: a retrospective cohort study
979 Citations2000Sarah H. Wild, T. Pierpoint +2 more
Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in middle‐aged women previously diagnosed with PCOS and age‐matched control women are compared.
Magnetic Resonance in MedicineFunctional cerebral imaging by susceptibility‐contrast NMR
569 Citations1990John W. Belliveau, Bruce R. Rosen +8 more
In vivo measurement of cerebral physiology by dynamic contrast‐enhanced NMR is demonstrated and global hypercapnia in dogs was used to establish the relationship between susceptibility‐induced signal change and brain blood volume.
The British Journal of PsychiatryCerebral Blood Flow in Chronic Cocaine Users: A Study with Positron Emission Tomography
371 Citations1988Nora D. Volkow, Nizar A. Mullani +3 more
It is hypothesised that some of the widespread defects in CBF in the cocaine users could reflect the effects of vasospasm in cerebral arteries exposed chronically to the sympathomimetic actions of cocaine.
Journal of Substance Abuse TreatmentGender differences in cocaine use and treatment response
270 Citations1993Therese A. Kosten, Therese A. Kosten +4 more
Female cocaine abusers who participated in an outpatient randomized clinical trial evaluating pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse were as successful as males in the RCT and more successful at 6-month follow-up.
Journal of NeuropsychiatryCerebral perfusion and neuropsychological consequences of chronic cocaine use
266 Citations1993Tony L. Strickland, Ismaël Mena +6 more
It is indicated that long-term cocaine use may produce sustained brain perfusion deficits and persistent neuropsychological compromise in some subgroups of cocaine-abusing patients.
Annals of Internal MedicineEmergence of Recreational Drug Abuse as a Major Risk Factor for Stroke in Young Adults
244 Citations1990David A. Kaku, Daniel H. Lowenstein
In an urban population such as the authors', recreational drug abuse appears to be a prominent and growing risk factor for strokes in young adults.
Journal of NeuropsychiatryDose-Related Neurobehavioral Effects of Chronic Cocaine Use
213 Citations1999Karen I. Bolla, Richard E. Rothman +1 more
Chronic cocaine use is associated with persistent decrements in cognitive function that are most pronounced in heavy users, and knowledge of specific cognitive processing deficits in chronic cocaine users would be useful for designing individually tailored drug treatment programs.
JAMACocaine-Induced Cerebral Vasoconstriction Detected in Humans With Magnetic Resonance Angiography
211 Citations1998Marc J. Kaufman
Outcome stratification by prior cocaine use statistically strengthened the relationship between cocaine administration and vasoconstriction, suggesting that cocaine may have a cumulative residual effect in promoting cerebrovascular dysfunction.
Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyEstrogen Replacement Therapy In Older Women: A Neuropsychological And Brain MRI Study
205 Citations1996Reinhold Schmidt, Franz Fazekas +7 more
If postmenopausal women receiving estrogen perform better on demanding cognitive tests than women without estrogen replacement and if this beneficial effect on cognition is caused by estrogen‐related prevention of silent ischemic brain damage is investigated.
American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologySystemic and renal hemodynamic changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle mimic early pregnancy
198 Citations1997Arlene B. Chapman, Stacy Zamudio +9 more
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is found in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle accompanied by an increase in urinary cAMP excretion indicating potential vasodilating mediators responsible for the observed hemodynamic changes.
EpidemiologyStroke and Cocaine or Amphetamine Use
189 Citations1998Diana B. Petitti, Stephen Sidney +2 more
The use of cocaine and/or amphetamine is a strong risk factor for stroke in this socioeconomically heterogeneous, insured urban population of members of Kaiser Permanente of Northern and Southern California.
NeuropsychopharmacologySmaller Volume of Prefrontal Lobe in Polysubstance Abusers: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
173 Citations1998Xiaopei Liu
Results indicate that hypoplasia and/or atrophy in the prefrontal cortex accompany substance abuse and suggest that structural deficits in the cortex may play an essential role in the neuropathological basis of functional impairments in substance abuse disorder, as demonstrated by functional brain imaging and cognitive studies.
Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular BiologyAndrogen Deprivation Is Associated With Enhanced Endothelium-Dependent Dilatation in Adult Men
170 Citations1997Sonja Herman, J. Robinson +4 more
Increased endothelium-dependent dilatation was significantly associated with low serum testosterone levels but not with cholesterol levels or with a past history of malignancy, consistent with a deleterious effect of physiologic levels of male sex steroids on the arterial wall.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative PhysiologyProgesterone and modulation of endothelium-dependent responses in canine coronary arteries
168 Citations1991Virginia M. Miller, Paul M. Vanhoutte
It is suggested that a specific receptor/second messenger system can be modulated by female reproductive steroid hormones and that progesterone seems to antagonize the stimulatory effects of estrogen on two endothelium-dependent responses that are associated with pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins and the production of nitric oxide.
Journal of the American College of CardiologyVascular reactivity is impaired in genetic females taking high-dose androgens
155 Citations1998Robyn J. McCredie, Jane McCrohon +4 more
Long-term treatment with high-dose androgens is associated with impaired vascular reactivity in genetic females, consistent with a deleterious effect of androgen excess on arterial physiology.
PubMedGender differences in cerebral blood flow as a function of cognitive state with PET.
142 Citations1996Giuseppe Esposito, John D. Van Horn +2 more
Although clear sex differences in global CBF can be demonstrated, the Cognitive state of the subjects must be controlled and considered when interpreting the differences, variations in the cognitive state might explain some of the discrepancies in gender studies in the rCBF and cerebral glucose metabolism literature.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCocaine’s Effects on Neuroendocrine Systems: Clinical and Preclinical Studies
136 Citations1997Nancy K. Mello, Jack H. Mendelson
This review examines the effects of cocaine on the neuroendocrine system and summarizes findings from clinical studies of cocaine abusers and preclinical studies in rodents and rhesus monkeys, revealing disruptions of the estrous cycle in rats and the menstrual cycle in rhesUS monkeys.
Annals of Internal MedicineMyocardial Ischemia during Cocaine Withdrawal
135 Citations1989Koonlawee Nademanee, David A. Gorelick +6 more
The observations support the hypothesis that coronary vasospasm plays an important role in cocaine-related ischemic syndromes, as cocaine users frequently develop silent myocardial ischemia manifesting as episodes of ST elevation during the first weeks of withdrawal.
Circulation ResearchLocal cerebral blood volume response to carbon dioxide in man.
130 Citations1978Joel Greenberg, Abass Alavi +3 more
StrokeSex Dependency of Cerebrovascular CO <sub>2</sub> Reactivity in Normal Subjects
129 Citations1997Andreas Kastrup, Christine Thomas +2 more
A highly significant sex-related difference in CO2-induced cerebral vasomotor reactivity is demonstrated and the relation between altered carbon dioxide tensions and blood flow velocities of both middle cerebral arteries in 60 healthy volunteers was found to be exponential.
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & MetabolismCocaine Decreases Cortical Cerebral Blood Flow but Does Not Obscure Regional Activation in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human Subjects
123 Citations1998Randy L. Gollub, Hans C. Breiter +12 more
Despite a small (14%) but significant decrease in global cortical gray matter CBF after acute cocaine infusion, specific regional increases in BOLD imaging, mediated by neurons, can be measured reliably.
Drug and Alcohol DependenceGender differences in cocaine dependent patients: a 6 month follow-up study
120 Citations1997Roger D. Weiss
At follow-up, significantly more women had remained abstinent: family/social problem severity no longer differed and this replicates previous research showing better treatment outcome for cocaine dependent women.
American Journal of PsychiatryGender Effects on Persistent Cerebral Metabolite Changes in the Frontal Lobes of Abstinent Cocaine Users
119 Citations1999L. Chang, Thomas Ernst +2 more
In the frontal lobe, cocaine affects male users differently than female users, and future studies on the effects of cocaine abuse should control for the effect of gender-specific neurotoxicity.
NeuropsychopharmacologyCocaine Pharmacokinetics in Men and in Women During the Follicular and Luteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
117 Citations1999Jack H. Mendelson
Cocaine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects were similar in men and women, and in women during the follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and heart rate increases were cocaine dose-related and also did not differ between women.
Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular BiologyAge-Related Deterioration in Arterial Structure and Function in Postmenopausal Women
117 Citations1998Barry P. McGrath, Yu‐Lu Liang +4 more
A protective effect of long-term estrogen therapy on age-related changes in arterial structure and function in postmenopausal women was evident in smokers and nonsmokers alike and appeared to counteract the effects of estrogen on carotid compliance only.
Magnetic Resonance in MedicineDecoupled automated rotational and translational registration for functional MRI time series data: The dart registration algorithm
111 Citations1997Luis C. Maas, Blaise B. Frederick +1 more
A rapid, in‐plane image registration algorithm that accurately estimates and corrects for rotational and translational motion is described and a significant reduction in motion artifacts such as linear trends in pixel time series and activation artifacts due to stimulus‐correlated motion is demonstrated.
PubMedGender differences in cerebral perfusion in cocaine abuse: technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT study of drug-abusing women.
106 Citations1994Jonathan M. Levin, B.L. Holman +5 more
It is suggested that cocaine-dependent women have fewer abnormalities in cerebral perfusion than cocaine- dependent men, but that concurrent abuse of heroin and cocaine is associated with more perfusion abnormalities in both sexes.
British Journal of PharmacologyDifferential effects of 17<i>β</i>‐estradiol and testosterone on the contractile responses of porcine coronary arteries
101 Citations2000Hwee Teoh, Adrian Quan +2 more
A unique type of sex hormone action on the coronary vasculature occurs at low nanomolar concentrations of 17β‐estradiol and testosterone, are insensitive to conventional sex hormone receptor antagonists, are not blocked by de novo protein synthesis inhibitors and have rapid time‐courses that are uncharacteristic of classical genomic activities.
Journal of the American College of CardiologyEndothelium-dependent vasorelaxation is impaired in cocaine arteriopathy
99 Citations1996Edward P. Havranek, Koonlawee Nademanee +2 more
It is concluded that endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation is impaired in long-term users of cocaine.
Journal of Psychosomatic ResearchSex differences in cardiovascular stress responses: Modulation as a function of menstrual cycle phases
95 Citations1984Janice L. Hastrup, Kathleen C. Light
Results showed reduced cardiovascular responsiveness to the reaction time task (heart rate and blood pressure) for the women in the follicular phase of their cycle as compared with those in the luteal phase or with the males.
Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyEnhanced Cognitive Performance with Estrogen Use in Nondemented Community‐Dwelling Older Women
93 Citations1999David C. Steffens, Maria C. Norton +6 more
The association between history of postmenopausal estrogen use and cognitive function in a large sample of nondemented community‐dwelling older women is examined.
PubMedRegional cerebral blood flow improves with treatment in chronic cocaine polydrug users.
89 Citations1993Holman Bl, Jack H. Mendelson +5 more
The perfusion defects observed in chronic cocaine polydrug users are partially reversible with short-term abstinence and buprenorphine treatment, and the perfusion abnormalities observed with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT are part of the results of the first SPECT study.
Fertility and SterilitySex Steroid Hormones Modulate Serum Ionized Magnesium and Calcium Levels Throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Women
89 Citations1998Ozgul Muneyyirci‐Delale, Vijaya L. Nacharaju +2 more
Healthy women of reproductive age demonstrate recurring cycling of ionized Mg and cyclic alterations in the ionized Ca to Mg ratio in their serum, which can produce the well-known premenstrual syndromes during the luteal phase in women who are somewhat deficient in Mg or in those who have an unusually increased Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio.
PubMedThe incidence of T2-weighted MR imaging signal abnormalities in the brain of cocaine-dependent patients is age-related and region-specific.
82 Citations1999George Bartzokis, Iris B. Goldstein +7 more
Cocaine-dependent participants had a significantly increased age-related risk of white matter damage, and the possible clinical implications of this damage are discussed.
PsychopharmacologyAcute cocaine effects on absolute cerebral blood flow
77 Citations1996Elizabeth A. Wallace, G. Wisniewski +8 more
Cocaine produced significant decreases in rCBF in all regions studied with a mean decrease of 30% in absolute whole brain blood flow (P = 0.002) which was 3-fold greater than relative blood flow changes.
Magnetic Resonance in MedicineSequential dynamic susceptibility contrast MR experiments in human brain: Residual contrast agent effect, steady state, and hemodynamic perturbation
72 Citations1995Jonathan M. Levin, Marc J. Kaufman +5 more
The stability and reproducibility of the dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI method for sequential relative cerebral blood volume (relCBV) measurements was evaluated to validate the method for use in quantitative studies of cerebral hemodynamics in humans.
Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular BiologyFluctuations of Radial Artery Distensibility Throughout the Menstrual Cycle
72 Citations1999Cristina Giannattasio, Monica Failla +5 more
The natural menstrual cycle is characterized by alterations in radial artery distensibility, which is possible to be due to an estrogen-dependent reduction in vascular smooth muscle tone, whereas the arterial stiffening of the luteal phase depends on vascular smooth Muscle contraction due to more complex hormonal phenomena.
Circulation ResearchLocal cerebral blood volume response to carbon dioxide in man.
70 Citations1978J HGreenberg, AAlavi +3 more
PsychopharmacologyCocaine decreases relative cerebral blood volume in humans: a dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging study
69 Citations1998Marc J. Kaufman, Jonathan M. Levin +6 more
It is suggested that DSC-MRI can detect cocaine-induced CBV reductions indicative of vasoconstriction, and that it may be useful for evaluating treatments designed to reduce the cerebrovascular effects of cocaine.
Biological PsychiatryNeurochemical alterations in asymptomatic abstinent cocaine users: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
62 Citations1997Linda Chang, C M Mehringer +5 more
It is concluded that neurochemical abnormalities observed might result from alterations in nonneuronal brain tissue in asymptomatic heavy cocaine users.
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and PhysiologyEFFECTS OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON AGE‐RELATED CHANGES IN ARTERIES OF POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
56 Citations1997Yu‐Lu Liang, Helena Teede +8 more
Carotid artery intima‐medial thickness (IMT) and indices of systemic and carotid arterial compliance were measured in groups of older men, postmenopausal women not on HRT (non‐HRT) and those women on long‐term HRT with oestrogen alone (HRT‐E) or oestrogens plus progestin (H RT‐EP).
Drug and Alcohol DependenceEffects of chronic cocaine use on physical health: a prospective study in a general population sample
54 Citations1996Kevin Chen, Lawrence M. Scheier +1 more
Among males, chronic cocaine use increased physical health problems, controlling for prior health status, current cocaine use, use of other drugs and sociodemographic characteristics, and variation partitioning indicated that chronic users experienced the most adverse consequences on subsequent physical health.
Ultrasound in Obstetrics and GynecologyThe effect of the menstrual cycle on human cerebral blood flow: studies using Doppler ultrasound
51 Citations1999K. Brackley, Margaret Ramsay +2 more
The aim was to study carotid and cerebral blood flow during the menstrual cycle using Doppler ultrasound using standard and Laplace transform analysis, which may provide additional hemodynamic information.
Drug and Alcohol DependencePharmacotherapy of cerebral ischemia in cocaine dependence
50 Citations1998Thomas R. Kosten
C cerebral perfusion deficits in cocaine abusers may be a target for pharmacotherapy including antiplatelet agents and excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists such as lamotrigine and EAA antagonists hold promise as they are developed for stroke treatment.
Neuroscience LettersCocaine-induced cerebral vascular damage can be ameliorated by Mg2+ in rat brain
47 Citations1990Qi Fu Huang, Asefa Gebrewold +4 more
The data suggest that magnesium salts might be useful agents in the treatment of cocaine-induced intoxication and prevention of brain damage.
Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause SocietyProgestin enhances vasoconstrictor responses in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement therapy
42 Citations2018Jay M. Sullivan, Bashar A. Shala +3 more
It is concluded that combination hormone replacement therapy results in higher resting vascular resistance and increased pressor responsiveness than does estrogen replacement therapy alone.
Cardiovascular ResearchAcute impairment of relaxation by low levels of testosterone in porcine coronary arteries
38 Citations2000Hwee Teoh
The results demonstrate that acute treatment with testosterone, at concentrations that have no effect on their own, reduces vasorelaxation and suggest that this modulatory action may be in part independent of the classical testosterone receptor since it was not completely sensitive to the anti-androgens and was not inhibited by the transcriptional and translational inhibitors.
American Journal of Obstetrics and GynecologyProgesterone increases cardiovascular toxicity to cocaine in nonpregnant ewes
33 Citations1990Mark A. Plessinger, James R. Woods
It is indicated that progesterone enhances the cardiovascular response to cocaine and does not involve an increase in alpha-adrenergic receptor sensitivity.
PsychopharmacologyIsradipine prevents global and regional cocaine-induced changes in brain blood flow: a preliminary study
30 Citations1998Bankole A. Johnson, Bruce J. Barron +10 more
Using a novel quantified approach to single photon emission computerized tomography, it is demonstrated that isradipine pre-treatment prevented cocaine-induced ischemic changes, especially in these DA-rich brain regions, which is the first demonstration that any medication can prevent the isChemic effects of cocaine on brain blood flow.
Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause SocietyProgestin Enhances Vasoconstrictor Responses in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Estrogen Replacement Therapy
28 Citations1995Jay M. Sullivan, Bashar A. Shala +3 more
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyThe effect of progestagens on the carotid artery pulsatility index in postmenopausal women on oestrogen replacement therapy
25 Citations1998MURRAY J. M. LUCKAS, Toni Gleeve +5 more
This study compared the effects of the C21 progestagen, dydrogesterone and the C19 testosterone derivative, norethisterone on the carotid artery pulsatility index (PI) (thought to represent distal impedance to flow) using a randomized double blind cross-over trial.
Toxicology and Applied PharmacologyPregnancy enhances cardiotoxicity of cocaine: Role of progesterone
25 Citations1992Archana Sharma, Mark A. Plessinger +4 more
It is concluded that pregnancy increases the direct cardiotoxicity to cocaine, and progesterone may be responsible for this enhanced cocaine toxicity.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsThe Effects of Cocaine on Basal and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Stimulated Ovarian Steroid Hormones in Female Rhesus Monkeys
20 Citations2000Nancy K. Mello, Jack H. Mendelson +2 more
It is suggested that cocaine-induced increases in follicular phase estradiol levels could disrupt folliculogenesis and contribute to the menstrual cycle abnormalities observed during chronic cocaine self-administration.
European Journal of PharmacologyProgesterone modulates estradiol actions: acute effects at physiological concentrations
19 Citations1999Hwee Teoh, Ricky Y.K. Man
These findings represent the first evidence for an acute in vitro vascular effect of progesterone at a physiologically relevant concentration and concur with previous in vivo reports demonstrating that progester one may diminish the beneficial effects of estrogens.
Biological PsychiatryAcute changes in cranial blood flow after cocaine hydrochloride
19 Citations1996Roy J. Mathew, William H. Wilson +2 more
Cerebral blood flow, with and without correction for end-tidal CO2, showed increases in left and right hemisphere after cocaine and the CBF increase was maximal in frontal, central and parietal regions.
Drug and Alcohol DependenceIllicit cocaine use patterns in intravenous-naive cocaine users following investigational intravenous cocaine administration
18 Citations2000Marc J. Kaufman, Jonathan M. Levin +6 more
Self-reported cocaine use estimates obtained at follow-up were compared to baseline estimates obtained with identical questionnaires and were highly concordant, suggesting that participants provided stable and reliable reports of cocaine use.
PubMedVasomotor effects of magnesium: a comparison with nifedipine and verapamil of in vitro reactivity in feline cerebral and peripheral arteries.
16 Citations1986Anders Sjögren, Lars Edvinsson
Besides this relaxant effect, magnesium was found to act as a constrictor during certain conditions; addition of magnesium to femoral arteries which had been preconstricted by PGF2 alpha in a magnesium-free solution resulted in relaxation in low concentrations and contraction at higher concentrations.
Journal of the Society for Gynecologic InvestigationModulation of Coronary Vascular Resistance in Female Rabbits by Estrogen and Progesterone
15 Citations1998George I. Gorodeski, Tianen Yang +3 more
Estradiol decreases coronary vascular resistance (CVR) and hence increases coronary flow and progestins attenuate this effect of estradiol.
AddictionCognitive impairment among the dually‐diagnosed: substance use history and depressive symptom correlates
14 Citations1997Kenneth M. Carpenter, James B. Hittner
Results indicated differential effects of substance use across the two cognitive outcome measures, and the degree of classification agreement between the two outcome measures was slightly better than chance, suggesting that the SILS and ST-LNNB assess partially independent dimensions of cognitive functioning.
American Journal of Obstetrics and GynecologyCocaine's lethality increases during late gestation in the rat: A study of “critical periods” of exposure
13 Citations1997Michael W. Church, Marappa G. Subramanian
Late gestation was associated with higher maternal mortality rates and higher benzoylecgonine levels, indicating that some underlying physiologic change enhanced cocaine's toxicity as pregnancy progressed.
Journal of the Society for Gynecologic InvestigationModulation of coronary vascular resistance in female rabbits by estrogen and progesterone☆
7 Citations1998George I. Gorodeski, Ting-qi Yang +3 more
Coronary flow rates were 40-50% greater in Hearts of animals treated with estradiol than in control hearts of animals not treated with the hormone, and the increments in coronary flow evoke...