Brain Systems that Mediate both Emotion and Cognition
Cognition & EmotionPublished 1 July 1990
Jeffrey A. Gray
Citations1,386
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.21
SNIP1.25
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
A model of brain systems that simultaneously subserve emotion and cognition is presented, and postulates the existence of three fundamental systems of this kind in the mammalian brain: a behavioural approach system, a fight/flight system, and a behavioural inhibition system.
Abstract
Abstract Neurobiological research with animals strongly suggests that the brain systems which mediate emotion overlap with those that mediate cognition to such a degree that it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain any clear distinction between them. Possible reasons for this overlap are discussed; and a model of brain systems that simultaneously subserve emotion and cognition is presented. The model postulates the existence of three fundamental systems of this kind in the mammalian brain: a behavioural approach system, a fight/flight system, and a behavioural inhibition system. The neuropsychology of each of these systems is briefly presented.
Keywords
PsychologyNeuroscienceBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
7,925 Citations1978John O’Keefe, Lynn Nadel
The amnesic syndrome is an extension of the theory to humans and an extension of the theory to humans to animals and humans.
ScienceThe Cholinergic Hypothesis of Geriatric Memory Dysfunction
5,552 Citations1982Raymond T. Bartus, Reginald L. Dean +2 more
Biochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological evidence supporting a role for cholinergic dysfunction in age-related memory disturbances is critically reviewed and an attempt has been made to identify pseudoissues, resolve certain controversies, and clarify misconceptions that have occurred in the literature.
Behavioral and Brain SciencesPrécis of<i>The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system</i>
4,517 Citations1982Jeffrey A. Gray
It is proposed that these drugs reduce anxiety by impairing the functioning of a widespread neural system including the septo-hippocampal system (SHS), the Papez circuit, the prefrontal cortex, and ascending monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways which innervate these forebrain structures.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyAttentional bias in emotional disorders.
2,575 Citations1986Colin MacLeod, Andrew Mathews +1 more
Behavioral and Brain SciencesHippocampus, space, and memory
2,036 Citations1979David S. Olton, James T. Becker +1 more
It is proposed that the hippocampus is selectively involved in behaviors that require working memory, irrespective of the type of material (spatial or nonspatial) that is to be processed by that memory.
Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology
1,996 Citations1995Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw
This chapter discusses the development of Neuropsychology, the structure and electrical activity of Neurons, and the structure of the Nervous System and its role in Behavior.
Behavioral and Brain SciencesThe neuropsychology of schizophrenia
1,366 Citations1991J.A. Gray, Joram Feldon +3 more
A model is proposed for integrating the neural and cognitive aspects of the positive symptoms of acute schizophrenia, using evidence from postmortem neuropathology and neurochemistry, clinical and preclinical studies of dopaminergic neurotransmission, anatomical connections between the limbic system and basal ganglia, attentional and other cognitive abnormalities underlying the positive Symptoms of schizophrenia.
BrainNEUROTRANSMITTER-RELATED ENZYMES AND INDICES OF HYPOXIA IN SENILE DEMENTIA AND OTHER ABIOTROPHIES
1,310 Citations1976David M. Bowen, Carolyn Beebe Smith +2 more
Brain specimens from middle-aged and elderly normal as well as demented subjects and patients with provisional clinical diagnosis of other neurological and psychiatric diseases were assessed histologically, finding that terminal 'cerebral hypoxia' is responsible for the depletion of these brain constituents.
Advances in experimental social psychologyThe Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State
1,168 Citations1964Stanley Schachter
This chapter describes the implications of a cognitive-physiological formulation of emotion, and a series of experiments designed to test these implications suggest that given a state of physiological arousal for which an individual has no explanation, he labels this state in terms of the cognitions available to him, his feelings can be manipulated in diverse directions.
PubMedA unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states.
1,096 Citations1986Cloninger Cr
A general theory of heritable personality traits and their neurobiological basis is described and specific predictions are made about normal personality development as well as the development and familial aggregation of anxiety, somatoform, depressive and personality disorders.
Behavioral and Brain SciencesToward a general psychobiological theory of emotions
994 Citations1982Jaak Panksepp
The possibility that emotions are elaborated by transhypothalamic executive circuits that concurrently activate related behavior patterns is assessed and the manner in which learning and psychiatric disorders may arise from activities of such circuits is discussed.
The American Journal of PsychologyContemporary Animal Learning Theory
892 Citations1982Vincent M. LoLordo, Anthony Dickinson
Acta NeuropathologicaLoss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's disease
821 Citations1983Thomas Arendt, Volker Bigl +2 more
The results demonstrate a loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease but no marked reduction in postencephalitic parkinsonism, Huntington's disease, chronic alcoholism without dementia, schizophrenia and infantile brain damage.
The Journal of Nervous and Mental DiseaseDifferential Performance of Acute and Chronic Schizophrenics in a Latent Inhibition Task
609 Citations1988Ilan Baruch, Anthony S. David +1 more
A task measuring latent inhibition, i.e., the retardation of learning that normally occurs when a subject forms an association to a stimulus previously repeatedly presented without consequence, found that chronic, medicated schizophrenics failed to display this effect.
PsychopharmacologyAttenuation of scopolamine-induced impairment of spontaneous alternation behaviour by antagonist but not inverse agonist and agonist ?-carbolines
535 Citations1988Martin Sarter, Geert Bodewitz +1 more
It is hypothesized that the interaction of antagonist β-carbolines with scopolamine is based on a direct GABA-ergic control of cholinergic neurotransmission, and suggests an ability of antagonists β- carbolines to antagonize amnestic properties of scopolamines.
NatureBenzodiazepine impairs and β-carboline enhances performance in learning and memory tasks
504 Citations1986Patrice Venault, Georges Chapouthier +5 more
It is reported here that an inverse agonist of the β-carboline group, methyl β- carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCM), enhances animal performance in three different tasks used to investigate learning and memory.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ReviewsLimbic-striatal interactions in reward-related processes
458 Citations1989Trevor W. Robbins, Martine Cador +2 more
Experiments using explicit conditional visuo-spatial discrimination tasks suggest that similar discriminative properties are preserved following DA depletion from the ventral, but not the dorsal, striatum, which possibly represents a dissociation between stimulus-response and stimulus-reward associative mechanisms.
Cognition & EmotionA Theory of Emotion, and its Application to Understanding the Neural Basis of Emotion
421 Citations1990Edmund T. Rolls
The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are seen to be of great importance for emotions, in that they are involved respectively in the elicitation of learned emotional responses, and in the correction or adjustment of these emotion responses.
JAMAAnxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts
392 Citations1982Arnold Goldberg
This syndrome in one form or another represents the major focus of this book, which, as the proceedings of a conference, is a fascinating and terribly uneven review of current biologic and pharmacologic research into the problem.
Drug Effects on Fear and Frustration: Possible Limbic Site of Action of Minor Tranquilizers
374 Citations1977Jeffrey A. Gray
Principles of behavioral analysis
363 Citations1967John R. Millenson
A scientific approach to behaviour operant conditioning extinction and reconditioning intermittent reinforcement classical conditioning biological factors in conditioning environmental control aversive contingencies complex behaviour: concept acquisition problem solving, modelling, and verbal behaviour behaviourial analysis: status and prospects.
NatureA focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety
321 Citations1984Eric M. Reiman, Marcus E. Raichle +3 more
This is believed to be the first study to identify a discrete brain abnormality in patients with this severe form of anxiety, located in a region of the parahippocampal gyrus, that is absent in normal controls and patients with panic disorder associated with a negative response to lactate.
Biological PsychologyTranquillising memories: A review of the effects of benzodiazepines on human memory
299 Citations1986Valerie H. Curran
There is some evidence that partial tolerance to amnesic effects develops with repeated doses of diazepam, but research with other benzodiazepines is inconclusive.
NatureHippocampal abnormalities in amnesic patients revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging
284 Citations1989G A Press, David G. Amaral +1 more
A high-resolution protocol for imaging the human hippocampus with magnetic resonance is developed that permits visualization of the hippocampal formation in substantial cytoarchitectonic detail, revealing abnormalities in patients with severe and selective memory impairment.
Neuroscience LettersLoss of pigmented dopamine-β-hydroxylase positive cells from locus coeruleus in senile dementia of alzheimer's type
269 Citations1983Leslie L. Iversen, Martin N. Rossor +7 more
Serial sections of human brainstem were used to determine the total number of pigmented cells in locus coeruleus and, by immunohistochemical staining using an antiserum directed against human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the number of DBH-positive cells.
Cognition & EmotionAnxiety and Attentional Bias: State and Trait
247 Citations1988Donald E. Broadbent, Margaret Broadbent
NatureCholinergic-rich brain transplants reverse alcohol-induced memory deficits
219 Citations1988Thomas Arendt, Y.S. Allen +5 more
The substantial and persistent memory losses produced in rats by ethanol intake were associated with an impairment of cholinergic function, and were reversed byCholinergic-rich transplants into cortex and hippocampus of alcohol-treated rats.
Psychological MedicineCatecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation: 2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications
219 Citations1973Timothy J. Crow
A theory is proposed which relates the learning theory concepts of reinforcement and incentive motivation to visceral afferent pathways in the central nervous System and is used to explain recent evidence that there is a relationship between catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation behaviour.
PsychopharmacologyUse of antianxiety agents in anxious outpatients
135 Citations1978Karl Rickels
It is concluded that many anxious patients are not currently receiving adequate drug treatment, and may require longer periods of drug therapy or supplemental nondrug intervention.
Cognition & EmotionCan computers feel? theory and design of an emotional system
131 Citations1987Nico H. Frijda, Jaap Swagerman
It is argued that the major phenomena of emotion follow from considerations of what properties a subsystem implementing that function should have, and facilities for relevance detection of events with regard to the multiple concerns are argued.
Brain Research BulletinBidirectional effects of β-carbolines and benzodiazepines on cognitive processes
104 Citations1987Leif H. Jensen, David Stephens +2 more
The effects of benzodiazepine receptor ligands may reflect changes in arousal/vigilance, suggesting that BZ inverse agonists may have useful properties in enhancing vigilance.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ReviewsEffects of benzodiazepines on acquisition and performance: A critical assessment
87 Citations1986Sherwood O. Cole
There is a noticeable lack of knowledge regarding the neurochemical substrates underlying BDZ-induced impairment, and performance impairment appears to be found mainly in animal studies using non-aversive, food-motivated tasks.
Behavioural Brain ResearchThe role of opioid peptides in memory and learning
68 Citations1980Iván Izquierdo, Renato Dutra Dias +4 more
It appears that the endogenous opioid peptides may exert their primary function in the modulation of memory processes through the inhibition of central dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic systems that modulate the memory consolidation process.
NeurologyNeurochemical pathology in Korsakoff's psychosis
65 Citations1984William J. McEntee, Robert G. Mair +1 more
It is argued that norepinephrinecontaining neurons are selectively damaged in Korsakoff s psychosis and that lesions of brain monoamine-containing neurons cause specific cognitive impairments, not global dementia.
Behavioral and Brain SciencesDon't leave the “psych” out of neuropsychology
54 Citations1987Jeffrey A. Gray, Ilan Baruch
Behavioural PharmacologyImproved radial maze performance induced by the benzodiazepine antagonist ZK 93 426 in lesioned and alcohol-treated rats
36 Citations1989H. Courtney Hodges, Susan G. Thrasher +1 more
Alcohol treatment and lesions were both found to reduce cortical choline acetyltransferase activity, but in view of the non-specificity of alcohol or ibotenic acid to cholinergic neurons and the wide distribution of the GABA-BZ receptor complex, interactions of ZK 93 426 with other systems cannot be ruled out.
Anatomical and Neurochemical Substrates of Drug Reward Determined by the Conditioned Place Preference Technique
33 Citations1987Anthony G. Phillips, Hans C. Fibiger
Data suggest that a mesotelencephalic dopamine system may serve as one important substrate for the rewarding effects of both psychostimulant and opiate drugs.
Behavioral and Neural BiologyThe brain β-endorphin system and behavior: The modulation of consecutively and simultaneously processed memories
32 Citations1985Iván Izquierdo, Carlos Alexandre Netto
The data examined here represent a new approach to memory modulation in that they apply findings previously obtained in isolated tasks to the analysis of interactions between training and test sessions of the same or different tasks, which may be viewed as a step toward understanding the organization of memory mechanisms in everyday behavior.
Behavioural PharmacologyImproved radial maze performance induced by the benzodiazepine antagonist ZK 93 426 in lesioned and alcohol-treated rats
30 Citations1989H. Courtney Hodges, Sarah Thrasher +1 more
β-Carbolines as Tools in Memory Research: Animal Data and Speculations
28 Citations1988Martin Sarter, David Stephens
From a series of experiments it is concluded that the major reason for benzodiazepine-induced amnesia might be an impaired ability to filter interfering stimuli; that is, an attentional deficit.
Behavioral and Brain SciencesAnxiety viewed from the upper brain stem: Though panic and fear yield trepidation, should both be called anxiety?
3 Citations1982Jaak Panksepp