Four Theoretical Approaches to Leisure—Past to Present

Abstract

Abstract By one of the older generation of scholars, this paper presents four theoretical approaches from among his studies: 1) a conceptualization of the term leisure, based on the “ideal construct” of Max Weber and the “human coefficient” of Florian Znaniecki, 2) several “polarities” or frameworks for contrasting leisure actions, 3) a comprehensive model of four squares of elements in leisure, progressing from the “conditions of leisure” to the “cultivated social order,” and 4) a crescendo-diminuendo visualization of the fusion of social roles, characteristic of primitive society, increasing differentiation in kilowatt society, and fusion again in the cultivated social order. A discussion then follows, suggesting that the openness and flexibility of each meets the needs of the emerging century, especially the influence of the new technologies. Finally, in view of personal influences on the development of these approaches, a “sociology of sociologists” is called for, as a new direction for Loisir et Société.