The Therapeutic Community: Status and Evolution
International Journal of the AddictionsPublished 1 January 1985
George De Leon
Citations137
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TL;DR
The current status of the North American TC is depicted drawn from research and practical experience and broader considerations concerning the future of TCs are discussed.
Abstract
This paper depicts the current status of the North American TC drawn from research and practical experience. The history, model, and perspective of the TC are briefly outlined and key research findings reviewed. Implications for further research and clinical issues are discussed, as are broader considerations concerning the future of TCs.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicine
Advances in Alcohol & Substance AbuseEFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT FOR DRUG ABUSE:
465 Citations1982D. Dwayne Simpson, S. B. Sells
The overall findings indicate that treatment in methadone maintenance, therapeutic communities, and outpatient drug-free programs was effective in improving posttreatment performance with respect to drug use, criminality, and productive activities.
Archives of General PsychiatryTherapeutic Communities vs Methadone Maintenance
174 Citations1980Richard N. Bale
One year after admission to the study, subjects who had been in a therapeutic community for longer than seven weeks or in methadone treatment were more likely to be employed or attending school, and less likely to been in jail, using heroin, or to have been convicted of a serious crime, than subjects who received no treatment at all beyond a short detoxification period.
International Journal of the AddictionsThe Therapeutic Community: Success and Improvement Rates 5 Years after Treatment
129 Citations1982George De Leon, Harry K. Wexler +1 more
Results at 2-year follow-up were replicated in a 1974 cohort, providing convincing evidence for the effectiveness of treatment in the therapeutic community.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseTherapeutic Communities: What Are the Retention Rates?
108 Citations1984George De Leon, Steven K. Schwartz
The present findings establish that the temporal pattern of retention is orderly, predictable, and has utility for program management and treatment planning, although the phenomenon of retention itself remains to be explained.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseMale and Female Drug Abusers: Social and Psychological Status 2 Years after Treatment in a Therapeutic Community
94 Citations1981George De Leon, Nancy Jainchill
A sample of male and female dropouts and graduates from the 1974 population in Phoenix House were followed 2 years after treatment, showing success and improvement increased by time in program for both sexes and psychological improvement during treatment and at follow-up was correlated with posttreatment success status.
International Journal of the AddictionsRetention Patterns in a Therapeutic Community for the Treatment of Drug Abuse
71 Citations1980Janet Sansone
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseThe Therapeutic Community: Multivariate Prediction of Retention
41 Citations1977Harry K. Wexler, George De Leon
Residents who dropped out were less likely to be Blacks and more often came from lower SES families but with less family deviance; they made fewer prior attempts at giving up drugs and had lower education levels; and Psychologically, they were generally more defensive and disturbed.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseTherapeutic Community Dropouts: Criminal Behavior Five Years after Treatment
39 Citations1979George De Leon, Margaret Andrews +3 more
Magnitude of reductions was uniform across race and legal status, varied by age, but increased systematically by time in program, confirming long-term positive change in criminal behavior associated with length of stay in the therapeutic community.
International Journal of the AddictionsGateway Houses: Effectiveness of Treatment on Criminal Behavior
35 Citations1978Sherry Holland
Arrest rates for the year preceding admission to and the year following discharge from the Gateway Houses program were determined for three groups of former residents, and it was argued that change in criminal behavior occurred as a function of treatment.
American Journal of PsychiatryObjective personality changes in residents of a therapeutic community
33 Citations1979JoAnn Sacks, Naomi Levy
All three measures showed objective evidence of decreasing psychopathology correlated with length of time in treatment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the therapeutic community in the rehabilitation of drug abusers.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseInpatient vs Outpatient Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Abusers
30 Citations1981Steven G. Cole, Wayne E. K. Lehman +2 more
There is little evidence to cause one to tout either inpatient or outpatient treatment based on relative effectiveness, and it is proposed that a flexible treatment program utilizing both inpatient and outpatient treatment with a focus on reducing attrition is most likely to maximize effectiveness.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseAssessment of Treatment Outcomes in a Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Network: Newark, New Jersey
29 Citations1980Amiram M. Sheffet, Mark A. Quinones +4 more
A comparative evaluation outcome model designed to aid in referral of clients to appropriate drug abuse treatment centers was developed for a multimodality drug abuse rehabilitation network in Newark, New Jersey, finding significant reduction in criminality and drug use were found for all treatment dropouts.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseBack on the Streets: Therapeutic Communities' Impact upon Drug Users
26 Citations1981Robert H. Coombs
There was a marked decrease from preintervention incidence of drug use, crime, and unemployment among 208 addicts, most of whom were White middle-class heroin users, both graduates and "splitees," who participated in one of two California therapeutic communities.
The British Journal of PsychiatryThe Relationship Between Duration of Treatment in a Therapeutic Community for Drug Abusers and Subsequent Criminality
25 Citations1978Stephen Wilson, B. M. Mandelbrote
It is suggested that periods of more than six months treatment in the community are effective in reducing subsequent criminality.
British Journal of Medical PsychologyThe modification of personality disturbance in a therapeutic community for drug abusers
18 Citations1979David Kennard, Stephen Wilson
Comparison of the results with other studies suggests that drug abusers admitted to different treatment centres display a recognizable pattern of personality disturbance, characterized by a combination of neurotic, psychopathic and psychotic elements and an unusual degree of willingness to admit to socially undesirable traits.
Psychological ReportsTherapeutic Community for Drug Addicts, Long-Term Measurement of Emotional Changes
16 Citations1971George De Leon, Mitchell Rosenthal +1 more
Emotional ratings were obtained each month on male and female addicts who remained in a therapeutic community program and who dropped out, and a relationship is suggested between length of stay in the program and the magnitude of the initial emotional ratings.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseClient Evaluations of Drug Abuse Treatment in Relation to Follow-up Outcomes
11 Citations1979D. Dwayne Simpson, Michael R. Lloyd
The overall evaluation of DARP treatments by former clients was generally favorable and was highest for the DARP therapeutic community.
Psychological ReportsEncounter Group: Measurement of Systolic Blood Pressure
4 Citations1975George De Leon, De Biase
Ass assertions that the encounter group influences emotions must be tempered by the possibility that anticipation of the event increases pressure (affect), the adaptation of which may appear as a “ventilation” effect.