Regulation of ACTH Secretion: Variations on a Theme of B
Elsevier eBooksPublished 1 January 1987
Mary F. Dallman, Susan F. Akana, Caren S. Cascio, Daniel N. Darlington, Lauren Jacobson, NANCY LEVIN
Citations660
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TL;DR
This chapter discusses the regulation of function in the adrenocortical system, which may be activated by traumatic stimuli or by psychological stimuli—in man, examinations, or mental arithmetic, or medical school admissions exams; in rats, unexpected decreases in food rewards.
Abstract
This chapter discusses the regulation of function in the adrenocortical system. There are three major characteristics that describe most changes in activity of the system: (1) the circadian rhythm in basal activity, (2) stress-induced activation, and (3) corticosteroid feedback regulation. The first two may occur on very different timescales, and it is probably a consequence of the differing temporal demands that the third, corticosteroid feedback inhibition, is exerted by a variety of mechanisms over time. At any time of the day, the adrenocortical system can be activated by application of stressors. These include alteration of the value of a regulated variable or may be invoked by subjecting an animal to sudden disturbances of its environment, for example, noise, flashing lights, handling, strange environment, mild heat or cold. The adrenocortical system may be activated by traumatic stimuli or by psychological stimuli—in man, examinations, or mental arithmetic, or medical school admissions exams; in rats, unexpected decreases in food rewards.
Keywords
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EndocrinologyQuantification of Morphological Changes in Pituitary Corticotropes Produced by<i>in Vivo</i>Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Stimulation and Adrenalectomy*
101 Citations1985Karin N. Westlund, G. Aguilera +1 more
Dramatic changes in ACTH cell area, extent of staining, and percentages after in vivo CRF stimulation are shown, in all of the experimental groups, an excellent correlation existed between serum ACTH levels and the degree of the morphological changes in the corticotropes.
EndocrinologyCorticotrope Response to Removal of Releasing Factors and Corticosteroids in Vivo*
101 Citations1985Mary F. Dallman, Gábor B. Makara +3 more
There is no autonomous response of the corticotrope to ADX; the removal of corticosterone from the anterior pituitary may account for the majority of the effects of ADX on ACTH synthesis; and the normal response toADX requires secretion of CRF and increased secretion of another ACTH-releasing factor (possibly arginine vasopressin) that causes increased secretion but little synthesis of ACTH.
NeuroendocrinologyInfluence of Water Deprivation on Adrenocortical Rhythms
99 Citations2008Joan T. Johnson, Stephen Z. Levine
Female rats maintained on a 23 h water deprivation schedule show an altered circadian rhythm of pituitary-adrenal activity and significant elevations of plasma corticosterone are observed in the morning.
EndocrinologyReturn of Pituitary-Adrenal Function after Adrenal Enucleation or Transplantation: Diurnal Rhythms and Responses to Ether*
95 Citations1981Charles W. Wilkinson, J. Shinsako +1 more
The results support the previous finding of adrenal mass-related nonsteroidal suppression of ACTH responses to ether and compare regeneration of function of transplanted and enucleated adrenals.
EndocrinologyCircadian Patterns of Stress-Induced ACTH Secretion Are Modified by Corticosterone Responses
95 Citations1977William C. Engeland, J. Shinsako +3 more
Comparison of the ACTH responses to acute adrenalectomy plus injection with EtOH-saline at 0600 and 1800 h demonstrated that, in the absence of a corticosterone response to the stress, theACTH response is greater in the morning that in the evening (P less than 0.01).
EndocrinologyDiminishing Corticotrope Capacity to Release ACTH During Sustained Stimulation: The Twenty-four Hours After Bilateral Adrenalectomy in the Rat<sup>1</sup>
94 Citations1974Mary F. Dallman, DARLENE DEMANINCOR +1 more
The results suggest that the triphasic curve in plasma ACTH levels which is observed during the first 72 hr after adrenalectomy is due to alterations in the capacity of the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH during s...
BiochemistrySelective reduction of proadrenocorticotropin/endorphin proteins and messenger ribonucleic acid activity in mouse pituitary tumor cells by glucocorticoids
93 Citations1979James L. Roberts, Marcia L. Budarf +2 more
NeuroendocrinologyCorticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF): Origin and Course of Afferent Pathways to the Median Eminence (ME) of the Rat Hypothalamus
84 Citations2008István Merchenthaler, Mary Hynes +3 more
8-10 days after making various lesions in the rat hypothalamus, the presence of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactive neural structures was studied in paraffin and vibratome sections with CRF immunocytochemistry.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & MetabolismDiurnal Variation in the Response of Plasma Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol to Intravenous Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone*
83 Citations1985G. Stephen DeCherney, C. ROWAN DEBOLD +4 more
To determine whether the plasma immunoreactive ACTH (IR-ACTH) and IR-cortisol responses to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) depend on the time of day, 1 microgram/kg BW synthetic oCRH was administered as an iv bolus dose to five normal men at their usual time of awakening between 0530-0740 h, at 1600 h, and at 2300 h.
Cell and Tissue ResearchRadioautographic study of the rat brain and pituitary after injection of 3H dexamethasone
80 Citations1975Maryvonne Warembourg
The results obtained in the present study suggest essentially an action of dexamethasone in the medial basal hypothalamus and at the level of the pituitary of adrenalectomized male rats injected with 3H-dexamethAsone.
EndocrinologyThe Effects of Intracerebroventricular Administration of Renin on Drinking and Blood Pressure<sup>1</sup>
79 Citations1975Ian A. Reid, D. J. Ramsay
Data indicate that centrally administered renin increases drinking and blood pressure and that these effects are mediated via the formation of angiotensin II.
EndocrinologySpecific Receptors for Vasopressin in the Pituitary Gland: Evidence for Down-Regulation and Desensitization to Adrenocorticotropin-Releasing Factors
78 Citations1985Bernard Koch, B. Lutz‐Bucher
Evidence is provided for the presence of highly specific vasopressin receptors in the anterior pituitary, which may undergo homologous down-regulation and desensitization in terms of cAMP production and ACTH release.
EndocrinologyCorticosterone-Induced Changes in Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Content After Stress<sup>1</sup>
78 Citations1975Takenori Sato, Michiko Sato +2 more
Measurement of circulating ACTH levels in conjunction with CRF content after these stimuli have yielded sufficient information to assign mechanisms of altered synthesis and secretion to explain the observed changes inCRF content.
American Journal of Physiology-Cell PhysiologyPhorbol ester inhibition of Na-H exchange in rabbit proximal colon
76 Citations1985Jong Seog Ahn, Emily Chang +1 more
It is concluded that PDB, by activation of protein kinase C, inhibits electro-neutral amiloride-sensitive Na-H exchange in the luminal membrane of proximal colon.
EndocrinologyComparison of the Effects of 2-Deoxyglucose and Immobilization on Plasma Levels of Catecholamines and Corticosterone in Awake Rats
72 Citations1979C.L. Sun, Nguyen B. Thoa +1 more
In rats, both forced immobilization and 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) administration evoke increases in sympatho-adrenal medullary release of catecholamines and adrenal cortical secretion of corticosterone, but plasma levels of norepinephrine were increased only at the highest dose of 2DG, and there was a clear relationship between dose and increases in epinephrine.
Elsevier eBooksNeural Control of ACTH: A Homeostatic Reflex
70 Citations1978Donald S. Gann, David G. Ward +1 more
The view of a multi-hormonal reflex organized for the control of blood volume does not preclude alternative views of the organization of the system for homeostasis of other factors, such as body temperature or plasma glucose concentration.
EndocrinologyEFFECTS OF BILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY ON IMMUNOREACTIVE CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR IN THE RAT MEDIAN EMINENCE AND INTERMEDIATE-POSTERIOR PITUITARY
69 Citations1983Toshihiro Suda, Naoki Tomori +4 more
The results raise the possibility that the I-CRF in IP is of hypothalamic origin, as it showed the typical triphasic response over time after surgery.
NeuroendocrinologyPredominant Release of Vasopressin vs. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor from the Isolated Median Eminence after Adrenalectomy
68 Citations2008Megan C. Holmes, F. Antoni +2 more
In an in vitro system, concomitant release of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin from the median eminence of normal and adrenalectomized rats is demonstrated and it is suggested that AVP could be the predominant corticotropic stimulus in adrenalected rats.
Molecular and Cellular EndocrinologyLocalization and role of transcortin-like molecules in the anterior pituitary
67 Citations1977E. R. de Kloet, Peter H. Burbach +1 more
It is proposed that transcortin-like molecules in the anterior pituitsary modulate the effect of corticosterone on pituitary-adrenal activity by mediating the extent of interaction of the steroid with the glucocorticoid receptor.
EndocrinologyBiphasic Inhibition of Adrenocorticotropin Release by Corticosterone in Cultured Anterior Pituitary Cells
66 Citations1986Abdul‐Badi Abou‐Samra, Kevin Catt +1 more
The inhibitory effect of B on ACTH responses to stimuli with different mechanisms of action suggests that the suppressive effects of B are mainly exerted at a site distal to the formation of the second messengers involved in hormonal activation of ACTH release.
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