Why we tag
Published 29 April 2007
Morgan G. Ames, Mor Naaman
Citations838
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
The incentives for annotation in Flickr, a popular web-based photo-sharing system, and ZoneTag, a cameraphone photo capture and annotation tool that uploads images to Flickr are investigated to offer a taxonomy of motivations for annotation along two dimensions (sociality and function).
Abstract
Why do people tag? Users have mostly avoided annotating media such as photos -- both in desktop and mobile environments -- despite the many potential uses for annotations, including recall and retrieval. We investigate the incentives for annotation in Flickr, a popular web-based photo-sharing system, and ZoneTag, a cameraphone photo capture and annotation tool that uploads images to Flickr. In Flickr, annotation (as textual tags) serves both personal and social purposes, increasing incentives for tagging and resulting in a relatively high number of annotations. ZoneTag, in turn, makes it easier to tag cameraphone photos that are uploaded to Flickr by allowing annotation and suggesting relevant tags immediately after capture.
Keywords
Computer ScienceSocial Sciences
Labeling images with a computer game
2,222 Citations2004Luis von Ahn, Laura Dabbish
A new interactive system: a game that is fun and can be used to create valuable output that addresses the image-labeling problem and encourages people to do the work by taking advantage of their desire to be entertained.
HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read
876 Citations2006Cameron Marlow, Mor Naaman +2 more
A model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, is offered to help illustrate the possible benefits of these tools and a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models is provided to inform potential evaluative frameworks.
arXiv (Cornell University)The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems
837 Citations2005Scott A. Golder, Bernardo A. Huberman
A dynamical model of collaborative tagging is presented that predicts regularities in user activity, tag frequencies, kinds of tags used, bursts of popularity in bookmarking and a remarkable stability in the relative proportions of tags within a given url.
How do people manage their digital photographs?
404 Citations2003Kerry Rodden, Kenneth R. Wood
The results suggest that participants found their digital photos much easier to manage than their non-digital ones, but that this advantage was almost entirely due to the simple browsing features of Shoebox.
tagging, communities, vocabulary, evolution
401 Citations2006Shilad Sen, Shyong K. Lam +6 more
A user-centric model of vocabulary evolution in tagging communities based on community influence and personal tendency is presented and evaluated in an emergent tagging system by introducing tagging features into the MovieLens recommender system.
Requirements for photoware
378 Citations2002Dávid Fröhlich, Allan Kuchinsky +3 more
From an analysis of the resulting materials, the strengths and weaknesses of past and present technology for photo sharing are illustrated to prioritise user requirements for a range of future photo-sharing technologies or 'photoware'.
Understanding photowork
337 Citations2006David Kirk, Abigail Sellen +2 more
The notion of "photowork" is introduced as the activities people perform with their digital photos after cap-ture but prior to end use such as sharing, and how "search" as it is usually defined may have much less relevance than new ways of browsing for the design of new digital photo tools.
Toward an ecology of hypertext annotation
310 Citations1998Catherine Marshall
This paper first characterizes annotation according to a set of dimensions to situate a long-term study of a community of annotators and explores the implications of annotative practice for hypertext concepts and for the development of an ecology of hypertext annotation.
IEEE Pervasive ComputingThe Ubiquitous Camera: An In-Depth Study of Camera Phone Use
275 Citations2005Tim Kindberg, Mirjana Spasojevic +2 more
How people use camera phone images for social and personal purposes and affective and functional purposes and the range and diversity of use is explored to help broaden the outlook on current and future camera phone use.
The uses of personal networked digital imaging
233 Citations2005Nancy Van House, Marc Davis +3 more
By reducing many of the barriers to cameraphone use and image sharing (including increasing image quality, easing the sharing process, and removing cost barriers), it is found that users quickly develop new uses for imaging.
FotoFile
201 Citations1999Allan Kuchinsky, Celine Pering +4 more
FotoFile is an experimental system for multimedia organization and retrieval, based upon the design goal of making multimedia content accessible to non-expert users that blends human and automatic annotation methods.
Leveraging context to resolve identity in photo albums
151 Citations2005Mor Naaman, Ron Yeh +2 more
The system suggests likely identity labels for photographs in a personal photo collection that leverages automatically available context, like the time and location where the photos were taken, to generate label suggestions for identities that were not yet annotated.
Semi-Automatic Image Annotation.
144 Citations2001Wenyin Liu, Susan Dumais +4 more
A novel approach to semi-automatically and progressively annotating images with keywords is presented, and a preliminary user study is described showing that users view annotations as important and will likely use them in image retrieval.
Metadata creation system for mobile images
119 Citations2004Risto Sarvas, Erick Herrarte +2 more
The main findings were that the creation process could be implemented with current technology and it facilitated the creation of semantic metadata at the time of image capture.
Direct annotation: a drag-and-drop strategy for labeling photos
110 Citations2002Ben Shneiderman, Hoyoung Kang
The user interface design and the database schema are described to support direct annotation, as implemented in the PhotoFinder prototype, which can make the task faster, easier and more appealing.
Lecture notes in computer scienceFrom Where to What: Metadata Sharing for Digital Photographs with Geographic Coordinates
74 Citations2003Mor Naaman, Andreas Paepcke +1 more
The results show that the LOCALE system performs search tasks with surprising accuracy, even when searching for specific landmarks.
Collective creation and sense-making of mobile media
60 Citations2006Antti Salovaara, Giulio Jacucci +5 more
A messaging application for camera phones with the aim of supporting spectator groups at large-scale events with the idea of collectively created albums called Media Stories, which indicates the centrality of collocated viewing and creation in the use of media.
Electronic workshops in computingHow Do People Organise Their Photographs?
46 Citations1999Kerry Rodden
This paper interviewed people about the ways in which they currently organise their physical photograph collections and asked the interviewees for their opinions of a number of possible features of a computer-based system for organising and retrieving personal photographs.
Simplifying the Management of Large Photo Collections.
44 Citations2003Andreas Girgensohn, John Adcock +3 more
This application combines a light table for showing thumbnails of the entire photo collection with a tree view that supports navigating, sorting, and filtering photos by categories such as dates, events, people, and locations.
Interview viz
29 Citations2006Nancy A. Van House
A novel variation on an established social science research method, photo elicitation, is described, which developed two visualizations of large numbers of cameraphone images, by time and sharing partner.
University Libraries (University of Maryland)Motivating Annotation for Digital Photographs: Lowering Barriers While Raising Incentives (2004)
13 Citations2005Jack Kustanowitz, Ben Shneiderman
Journal of Visual Languages & ComputingExploring personal media: A spatial interface supporting user-defined semantic regions
12 Citations2006Hyunmo Kang, Ben Shneiderman
Semantic regions, an innovative way for users to construct display representations of their conceptual models by drawing regions on 2D space and specifying the semantics for each region, is introduced.
University Libraries (University of Maryland)Immediate Usability: Kiosk design principles from the CHI 2001 Photo Library
7 Citations2003Bill Kules, Hyunmo Kang +3 more
A novel set of design principles and guidelines for ensuring the immediate usability of public access systems are described, formulated while developing PhotoFinder Kiosk, a community photo library.