Ruminative Response Style and Vulnerability to Episodes of Dysphoria: Gender, Neuroticism, and Episode Duration
Cognitive Therapy and ResearchPublished 1 August 1998
John E. Roberts, Eva Gilboa, Ian H. Gotlib
Citations438
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.25
SNIP1.11
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
A number of recent laboratory and prospectivefield studies suggest that the tendency to ruminateabout dysphoric moods is associated with more severe andpersistent negative emotional experiences (e.g., Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990;Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991). The current paperreports two studies that tested the hypotheses that (a)ruminative response styles act as a trait vulnerabilityto dysphoria, particularly to relativelypersistent episodes of dysphoria; (b) aspects ofrumination that are not likely to be contaminated withthe presence and severity of previous symptomatology(introspection/self-isolation, self-blame) demonstrate vulnerability effects;and (c) rumination mediates the effects of gender andneuroticism on vulnerability to dysphoria. Consistentsupport was found for each of these hypotheses. Overall, our data suggest that rumination mightreflect an important cognitive manifestation ofneuroticism that increases vulnerability to episodes ofpersistent dysphoria.
Keywords
PsychologySocial Sciences
Encyclopedia of Social WorkDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
109,983 Citations2013Janet B. W. Williams, Michael B. First
Archives of General PsychiatryAn Inventory for Measuring Depression
38,163 Citations1961Aaron T. Beck
The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out and a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales have been developed.
Psychological BulletinNegative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states.
4,543 Citations1984David Watson, Lee Anna Clark
A number of apparently diverse personality scales—variously called trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, general maladjustment, repression-sensitization, and social desirability—are reviewed and are shown to be in fact measures of the same stable and pervasive trait.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyResponses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.
3,357 Citations1991Susan Nolen–Hoeksema
How response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men is discussed and the response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyA prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
2,412 Citations1991Susan Nolen–Hoeksema, Jannay Morrow
Psychological BulletinSex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.
1,937 Citations1987Susan Nolen–Hoeksema
It is suggested that differences in the ways that men and women respond to their own depressive episodes, whatever the origin of these episodes, may be an important source of the sex differences observed in depression.
Medical Entomology and ZoologyPersonality and Individual Differences: A Natural Science Approach
1,869 Citations1985H. J. Eysenck, Michael W. Eysenck
American Journal of PsychiatryThe prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey
1,480 Citations1994Dan G. Blazer, Ronald C. Kessler +2 more
A greater burden of major depression in community-dwelling persons than has been estimated from previous community samples is suggested and the risk factor profile showed significant differences between persons with pure and combined major depression.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyResponse styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood.
1,188 Citations1993Susan Nolen–Hoeksema, Jannay Morrow +1 more
Regression analyses suggested that the more ruminative responses subjects engaged in, the longer their periods of depressed mood, even after taking into account the initial severity of the mood.
Cognitive Therapy and ResearchIssues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory
1,090 Citations1987Philip C. Kendall, Steven D. Hollon +3 more
Cognition & EmotionEffects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood
994 Citations1993Susan Nolen–Hoeksema, Jannay Morrow
Cognition & EmotionCognitive Vulnerability to Persistent Depression
801 Citations1988John D. Teasdale
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyThe response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory.
582 Citations1997Nancy Just, Lauren B. Alloy
Both a ruminative RS as measured in an ND state and the use of rumination during the firstDE predicted the severity of that episode, and neither trait nor state rumination predicted the duration of the first DE.
American Journal of PsychiatryThe prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiologic model
560 Citations1993K S Kendler, Ronald C. Kessler +3 more
The model suggested that at least four major and interacting risk factor domains are needed to understand the etiology of major depression: traumatic experiences, genetic factors, temperament, and interpersonal relations.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyEffects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect.
547 Citations1990Jannay Morrow, Susan Nolen–Hoeksema
It was hypothesized that distracting, active responses would be more effective in alleviating a depressed mood than would ruminative, passive responses, and the greatest remediation of depressed mood was found in Ss in the distracting-active response condition.
Psychological aspects of depression: Toward a cognitive-interpersonal integration.
442 Citations1992Ian H. Gotlib, Constance Hammen
Archives of General PsychiatryPremorbid Personality Assessments of First Onset of Major Depression
427 Citations1989Robert M. A. Hirschfeld
Low emotional strength, increased interpersonal dependency, and increased thoughtfulness were associated with first onset of depression among older subjects, while age was a significant predictor of first onset, both alone and in interaction with personality measures.
Psychological BulletinSelf-reported distress: Analog or ersatz depression?
426 Citations1994James C. Coyne
Vredenburg, Flett, and Krames's (1993) conclusion that self-reported distress in college students is an appropriate analog for diagnosable depression is examined in light of a broader literature.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyTemperament and attention: Orienting toward and away from positive and negative signals.
425 Citations1994Douglas Derryberry, Marjorie A. Reed
The findings support models proposing that Extraversion reflects the combined activity of positive and negative incentive motivational processes and suggest that incentive processes regulate the ability to shift attention away from, rather than toward, significant stimuli.
Archives of General PsychiatryA Self-Report Scale to Diagnose Major Depressive Disorder
343 Citations1986Mark Zimmerman
The results suggested that the IDD may aid clinicians in detecting secondary depression and distinguishing psychotic depression from nonaffective psychoses and may be particularly useful in light of the recent evidence that American psychiatrists continue to under diagnose depression and overdiagnose schizophrenia.
Archives of General PsychiatryThe Lifetime History of Major Depression in Women
325 Citations1993Kenneth S. Kendler
Reliability of LTH of MD was modest, and was predicted by the number of depressive symptoms, treatment seeking, number of episodes, and degree of impairment, and from an "index of caseness" from these predictors, the estimated heritability was greater for more restrictive definitions.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyNeuroticism and selective encoding and recall of symptoms: Evidence from a combined concurrentetrospective study.
232 Citations1992Randy J. Larsen
A concurrent-retrospective design is used to examine selectivity in concurrent and retrospective reports of symptoms of Neuroticism and finds the direct path from N to recalled symptoms was larger than the indirect path through concurrent to recalled Symptoms for 3 out of 4 symptoms.
Clinical Psychology ReviewMood priming and construct activation in tests of cognitive vulnerability to unipolar depression
217 Citations1994Zindel V. Segal, Rick E. Ingram
Cognitive Therapy and ResearchNeuroticism and Ruminative Response Style as Predictors of Change in Depressive Symptomatology
211 Citations1998Susan A. Nolan, John E. Roberts +1 more
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyAre people changed by the experience of having an episode of depression? A further test of the scar hypothesis.
210 Citations1990Paul Rohde, Peter M. Lewinsohn +1 more
American Journal of PsychiatryPersonality and the prediction of long-term outcome of depression
210 Citations1978Myrna M. Weissman, Brigitte A. Prusoff +1 more
In a follow-up study of 150 women who had undergone treatment on an outpatient basis for acute depression, it was found that the most important predictor of their long-term clinical outcome was personality as measured by the Neuroticism Scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI-N).
The British Journal of PsychiatryEysenck Personality Inventory Scores of Patients with Depressive Illnesses
197 Citations1968R. E. Kendell, William J. DiScipio
It was found that the addition of a further sentence to the test instructions largely prevented depressed patients obtaining spuriously high N scores and spuriously low E scores, and enabled them to assess their normal personalities surprisingly well even when quite deeply depressed.
Journal of Affective DisordersRecurrent brief depression: a new subtype of affective disorder
188 Citations1990Jules Angst, Kathleen R. Merikangas +2 more
Data from a prospective longitudinal cohort of young adults from the general population of Zurich, Switzerland showed that a substantial proportion met all of the criteria for major depression in current diagnostic systems except duration, suggesting that RBD constitutes a valid subtype of affective disorder.
Cognitive Therapy and ResearchCognitive theories of vulnerability to depression: Reconciling negative evidence
184 Citations1992Jacqueline B. Persons, Jeanne Miranda
The British Journal of PsychiatryDoes Personality Predict Long-Term Outcome in Depression?
172 Citations1990Conor Duggan, Alan S. Lee +1 more
High psychotic scores on the Dl were associated with poor long-term outcome, a greater length of time spent in hospital, and with bipolar affective disorder, and this effect was independent of the personality measures.
Acta Psychiatrica ScandinavicaThe inventory to diagnose depression, lifetime version
164 Citations1987M. Bridget Zimmerman, William Coryell
The lifetime version of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDDL) is a 22‐item self‐report scale designed to diagnose a lifetime history of DSM‐III major depressive disorder (MDD).
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyDepression research methodologies in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: A review and critique.
133 Citations1995Howard Tennen, Jennifer A. Hall +1 more
The authors recommend resetting minimum methodological criteria for studies of depression published in the premier journal in personality and social psychology.
Personality and Individual DifferencesNeuroticism as predisposition toward depression: A cognitive mechanism
118 Citations1985Maryanne Martin
Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyDepression in the community: An investigation into age of onset.
102 Citations1991Susan B. Sorenson, Carolyn M. Rutter +1 more
British Journal of Clinical PsychologyLifetime episodes of dysphoria: Gender, early childhood loss and personality
37 Citations1997John E. Roberts, Ian H. Gotlib
Interestingly, the effects of gender on lifetime experience of dysphoria were mediated by neuroticism: females' increased vulnerability to episodes of Dysphoria was due to their elevated levels of neuroticism.
Social Support and Personality in Depression
23 Citations1997John E. Roberts, Ian H. Gotlib