Sex Differences in Risk Factors for HIV Seroconversion Among Injection Drug Users
Archives of Internal MedicinePublished 28 May 2001
Steffanie A. Strathdee, Noya Galai, Mahboobeh Safaiean, David D. Celentano, David Vlahov, Lisette Johnson
Citations333
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
The incidence of HIV remained high among IDUs in Baltimore over the past decade and risk factors for HIV seroconversion differed markedly by sex.
Abstract
The incidence of HIV remained high among IDUs in Baltimore over the past decade. Risk factors for HIV seroconversion differed markedly by sex. Predominant risks among men included needle sharing and homosexual activity; among women, factors consistent with high-risk heterosexual activity were more significant than drug-related risks. Human immunodeficiency virus interventions aimed at IDUs should be sex-specific and incorporate sexual risks.
Keywords
Immunology and MicrobiologyMedicine
The LancetFEMALE TO MALE TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1: RISK FACTORS FOR SEROCONVERSION IN MEN
753 Citations1989D. William Cameron, LourdesJ D'Costa +9 more
Data indicate an extremely high rate of female to male transmission of HIV-1 in the presence of STD and confirm a causal relation between lack of male circumcision, genital ulcer disease, and susceptibility to HIV- 1 infection.
The Journal of Infectious DiseasesCofactors in Male-Female Sexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
712 Citations1991FA Plummer, J. Neil Simonsen +9 more
Stepwise logistic regression analysis confirmed independent associations between HIV-1 infection and oral contraceptive use, condom use, genital ulcers, and C. trachomatis, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases may in part explain the heterosexual HIV- 1 epidemic in Africa.
AIDSBacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora
639 Citations1998Taha E. Taha, Donald R. Hoover +8 more
This prospective study suggests that progressively greater disturbances of vaginal flora, increase HIV acquisition during pregnancy and postnatally and the screening and treating of women with BV could restore normal flora and reduce their susceptibility to HIV.
JAMACocaine Use and HIV Infection in Intravenous Drug Users in San Francisco
581 Citations1989Richard E. Chaisson
By multivariate analysis, black race, daily cocaine injection by blacks and Hispanics, all other cocaine injection, heavy use prior to entry into methadone treatment by blacks, and use of drugs in shooting galleries were independent predictors of HIV infection.
American Journal of Public HealthThe estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas.
555 Citations1996Scott D. Holmberg
Relatively high prevalences of HIV in at-risk heterosexual persons in several cities indicate the potential for an increase in transmission among them, and the size and direction of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic in US metropolitan statistical areas with populations greater than 500,000 is estimated.
New England Journal of MedicineRisk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Intravenous Drug Users
499 Citations1989Ellie E. Schoenbaum, Diana Hartel +6 more
Differences in both the social setting of drug use and behavior related to injection carry different risks for infection with HIV and may explain, in part, the higher seroprevalence of HIV among blacks and Hispanics.
PubMedHuman immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among intravenous drug users in- and out-of-treatment: an 18-month prospective follow-up.
459 Citations1993David S. Metzger, George Woody +7 more
The sixfold difference in rate of seroconversion between the two groups suggests that although rapid transmission of HIV still occurs, opiate-abusing IVDUs who enter methadone treatment are significantly less likely to become infected.
The LancetHIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes
410 Citations1996Don C. Des Jarlais, Michael Marmor +6 more
An individual-level protective effect against HIV infection associated with participation in a syringe-exchange programme is observed and Sterile injection equipment should be legally provided to reduce the risk of HIV infection in persons who inject illicit drugs.
JAMAPrior Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection
361 Citations1988Scott D. Holmberg
Serologic studies do not support the role of CMV, EBV, or HSV-1 in HIV infection but do suggest that HSv-2 infection is a risk factor for subsequent or concurrent HIV infection.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human RetrovirologyPrevalence and Incidence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users
346 Citations1998Richard S. Garfein, Meg Doherty +4 more
The need for wider legal access to sterile syringes, as well as expanded community outreach education to this population of young adult injection drug users, is supported to prevent transmission of HCV.
JAMAHIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987
328 Citations1989Don C. Des Jarlais
American Journal of EpidemiologyHigh Rates of HIV Infection among Injection Drug Users Participating in Needle Exchange Programs in Montreal: Results of a Cohort Study
308 Citations1997Julie Bruneau, F Lamothe +5 more
Risk elevations for HIV infection associated with NEP attendance were substantial and consistent in all three risk assessment scenarios in the authors' cohort of injection drug users, despite extensive adjustment for confounders.
JAMASyringe and Needle Exchange as HIV/AIDS Prevention for Injection Drug Users
285 Citations1994John K. Watters
The hypothesis that a syringe exchange program would stimulate increased drug abuse in terms of frequency of injection or recruitment of new and/or younger users was not supported.
Annals of Internal MedicineRisk Reduction for the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Among Intravenous Drug Users
254 Citations1985Don C. Des Jarlais, Samuel R. Friedman +1 more
There has been a sustained increase in the demand for new, unused needles, as shown in the emergence of "resealed" needles and in interviews with persons selling needles in illicit drug-purchasing areas.
American Journal of Public HealthHIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1992-1997: evidence for a declining epidemic
217 Citations2000Don C. Des Jarlais, Michael Marmor +9 more
The very large HIV epidemic among injection drug users in New York City appears to have entered a "declining phase," characterized by low incidence and declining prevalence, and data suggest that very large high-seroprevalence HIV epidemics may be "reversed."
AddictionSocially desirable responding and self‐reported HIV infection risk behaviors among intravenous drug users
211 Citations1993Carl A. Latkin, David Vlahov +1 more
Results indicate that measures of social desirability may be used to ascertain sensitive areas of inquiry in interviews of intravenous drug users and suggest that self-deception and impression management were inversely related to self-reports of sharing injection equipment, injecting at shooting galleries, and injecting more than once a day.
Drug and Alcohol DependenceUsing social network analysis to study patterns of drug use among urban drug users at high risk for HIV/AIDS
211 Citations1995Carl A. Latkin, Wallace Mandell +5 more
The results of this study suggest that social network analysis may be a useful tool for understanding the social context of HIV/AIDS risk behaviors.
Journal of Drug IssuesThe Alive Study: A Longitudinal Study of HIV-1 Infection in Intravenous Drug Users: Description of Methods
194 Citations1991David Vlahov, James C. Anthony +6 more
A cohort in Baltimore Maryland in 1988–1989 was established to identify risk factors for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and for progression to the acquired immunODeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among intravenous drug users and methodological issues for enhancing recruitment and retention of drug users are discussed.
AIDSCorrelates of HIV infection among young adult short-term injection drug users
186 Citations2000Meg Doherty, Richard S. Garfein +3 more
Among short-term injectors, both sexual and injecting practices were important predictors of HIV infection, indicating that a proportion of HIV infections among young injection drug users can be attributed to sexual transmission.
AIDSHIV seroconversion in intravenous drug users in San Francisco, 1985–1990
179 Citations1994Andrew R. Moss, Karen Vranizan +4 more
The 1985–1990 HIV seroconversion rate in IVDU was comparable to that in San Francisco cohorts of homosexual men (1.4% ppy), and a decline in HIV serconversion coincided with changes in risk behavior.
American Journal of EpidemiologyASSOCIATION OF DRUG INJECTION PATTERNS WITH ANTIBODY TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS IN BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
177 Citations1990David Vlahov, Alvaro Muñoz +4 more
Indirect evidence is provided that a high risk for HIV-1 infection might occur early during a drug injection career among intravenous drug users recruited through extensive community outreach efforts in Baltimore, Maryland.
JAMATrends in HIV Incidence Among Young Adults in the United States
166 Citations1998Philip S. Rosenberg
In young persons, HIV incidence in homosexual men and injection drug users was slowing by 1993; this favorable trend was offset by increasing heterosexual transmission, especially in minorities.
AddictionSocial determinants predict needle‐sharing behaviour among injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada
166 Citations1997Steffanie A. Strathdee, David M. Patrick +6 more
Social determinants, particularly a history of sexual abuse, are among the most significant predictors of needle borrowing among Vancouver's IDUs and early identification of these factors should be a component of HIV prevention programmes.
American Journal of EpidemiologyRisk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion among Out-of-Treatment Drug Injectors in High and Low Seroprevalence Cities
164 Citations1995Samuel R. Friedman, Benny Jose +3 more
In low seroprevalence cities, localized monitoring to detect specific emerging sociobehavioral pockets of infection, and quick implementation of appropriate targeted interventions if necessary is suggested.
AddictionYoung and recent‐onset injecting drug users are at higher risk for HIV
156 Citations1997Johan S. A. Fennema, Erik J.C. van Ameijden +2 more
Important proportions of drug users are young or have recently started injecting, and HIV prevalence is relatively high among young and recent-onset IDUs, which may be explained by non-random patterns of borrowing used needles/syringes.
American Journal of Public HealthThe trading of sex for drugs or money and HIV seropositivity among female intravenous drug users.
148 Citations1994Jacquie Astemborski, David Vlahov +3 more
Among intravenous drug-using women, high levels of trading sex for drugs or money were independently associated with HIV infection, and this group needs to be targeted for further intensive intervention.
American Journal of EpidemiologyNew Evidence on Intravenous Cocaine Use and the Risk of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
125 Citations1991James C. Anthony, David Vlahov +4 more
The results lend support to the abiding concern about the risk of HIV infection among cocaine users and allow a test for whether the association was a spurious artifact of studying drug users recruited solely from drug treatment programs.
International Journal of STD & AIDSDeterminants of HIV seroconversion in drug users during a period of rising prevalence in Vancouver
122 Citations1997David M. Patrick, Steffanie A. Strathdee +7 more
There is a need to evaluate programmes dealing with addiction, housing and the social underpinnings of risk behaviours in this population of injection drug users during a period of rising prevalence of HIV seroconversion.
Archives of Internal MedicineThe association of syphilis with risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics
122 Citations1990Thomas C. Quinn
American Journal of Public HealthRisk factors for shooting gallery use and cessation among intravenous drug users.
111 Citations1991David D. Celentano, David Vlahov +4 more
Investigating risk factors for lifetime attendance at shooting galleries finds persistent shooting gallery users were more frequently male, homosexual/bisexual, homeless, less educated, and started IV drug use more recently compared with those who ceased going to shooting galleries.
Archives of Internal MedicineTemporal Trends of Incident Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Cohort of Injecting Drug Users in Baltimore, Md
95 Citations1995Kenrad E. Nelson
The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in this cohort of injecting drug users in Baltimore declined somewhat during the 4 years of follow-up, especially among women, and the persistent annual incidence of nearly 4% during 3 1/2 to 4 1/ 2 years of observation suggests the need for additional strategies for prevention of infection.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesInjection Drug Use and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
87 Citations1995P Alcabes, G. Friedland
The epidemiology and natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in users of injection drugs and its significance in the HIV infection/AIDS epidemic in the United States, Europe, and many parts of the developing world is discussed.
American Journal of EpidemiologyDifferences in Risk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Seroconversion among Male and Female Intravenous Drug Users
60 Citations1993Liza Solomon, Jacquie Astemborski +5 more
The small sample size may have limited the ability to ascertain differences in risks of seroconversion among males and females, and data suggest that sexual transmission contributes to HIV infection among intravenous drug users, especially women.
AIDS Education and PreventionGender Differences in Injection-Related Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Baltimore, Maryland
57 Citations1998Carl A. Latkin, Wallace Mandell +5 more
Baseline data from 640 injection drug users in the Stop AIDS for Everyone study used to examine gender differences in self-reports of injection behaviors suggest that this overlap of sex and drug networks may reduce women drug injectors' ability to adopt and maintain HIV protective behaviors.
AddictionSexual behaviour of drug injectors in London: implications for HIV transmission and HIV prevention
43 Citations1994Tim Rhodes, Martin C. Donoghoe +3 more
The average rate of partner change, the high proportion of drug injectors with non-injecting partners and the infrequency of condom use within primary and causal relationships indicates the potential for HIV transmission between injectors and their non- injecting sexual partners.
The Journal of Infectious DiseasesHeterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Intravenous Drug Users
43 Citations1990Robert J. Battjes, Roy W. Pickens +2 more
No statistically significant relationship was found between injection history of sex partners and HIV status for the total sample or separately for men or women.
Medical Anthropology QuarterlySpeed, Sex, Gay Men, and HIV: Ecological and Community Perspectives
41 Citations1997Ed Gorman, Ben‐David Barr +3 more
In response to the alarming increase in HIV seroprevalence among this population, this ethnographic project provides preliminary data about those who are at dual risk for HIV through both homosexual behavior and injection drug use.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human RetrovirologyA Multisite Study of Sexual Orientation and Injection Drug Use as Predictors of HIV Serostatus in Out-of-Treatment Male Drug Users
28 Citations1997Sherry Deren, Antonio L. Estrada +3 more
Among this multisite sample of drug users, being a gay drug user is the strongest predictor of serostatus and drug injection is significant only in areas of moderate or high seroprevalence among injectors, indicating the importance of targeted outreach and intervention efforts.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human RetrovirologyRisk Behaviors, HIV Seropositivity, and Tuberculosis Infection in Injecting Drug Users Who Operate Shooting Galleries in Puerto Rico
28 Citations1998Rafaela R. Robles, Carmen A. Marrero +7 more
Multivariate analyses showed that IDUs reporting shooting gallery management experience of > or = 25 months were more likely to be infected with HIV, and prevention programs need to emphasize strategies to protect the health of shooting gallery clients and, in particular, shooting gallery managers.
American Journal of EpidemiologyLarge Declines in Sexual Risk Behavior with Noncommercial Partners among Heterosexual Injection Drug Users in Amsterdam, 1989-1995
21 Citations1996Erik J.C. van Ameijden, J. A. R. d. Van Hoek +1 more
A large reduction in sexual risk behavior with noncommercial partners was observed that became apparent only after stratification of trends by knowledge of HIV serostatus, and the risk for further sexual transmission of HIV is diminished.
Population Research and Policy ReviewGender comparisons of injection drug use practices in shooting galleries
9 Citations1999Lisa R. Metsch, Clyde B. McCoy +4 more
Findings indicate that (1) there is a great need to intervene with both men and women IDUs who frequent shooting galleries and that (2) shooting galleries can be an optimal setting for HIV prevention.