The Internal Dynamics of Cooperative Learning Groups
Published 1 January 1985
David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
Citations159
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Abstract
For the past 10 years, we have been conducting a systematic program of research on the relative impact of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning experiences on such variables as achievement and relationships among students. One major focus of our research program has been to illuminate the internal processes within cooperative learning groups that mediate or moderate the relationship between cooperation and (1) productivity and (2) interpersonal attraction among students.
Keywords
PsychologySocial SciencesComputer Science
Psychological BulletinEffects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A meta-analysis.
1,534 Citations1981David W. Johnson, Geoffrey Maruyama +3 more
Review of Educational ResearchInstructional Goal Structure: Cooperative, Competitive, or Individualistic
534 Citations1974David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
Review of Educational ResearchInterdependence and Interpersonal Attraction Among Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Individuals: A Theoretical Formulation and a Meta-analysis of the Research
449 Citations1983David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +1 more
Review of Educational ResearchConflict in the Classroom: Controversy And Learning
438 Citations1979David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
The Journal of PsychologySocial Interdependence and Classroom Climate
203 Citations1983David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +1 more
American Educational Research JournalClassroom Conflict: Controversy Versus Debate in Learning Groups
155 Citations1985David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
The Journal of Social PsychologySocial Interdependence and Perceived Academic and Personal Support in the Classroom
118 Citations1983David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
American Educational Research JournalEffects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Conditions on Children’s Problem-solving Performance
108 Citations1980David W. Johnson, Linda Skon +1 more
The Journal of Social PsychologyEffects of Controversy on Epistemic Curiosity, Achievement, and Attitudes
103 Citations1981Nancy Lowry, David W. Johnson
The Journal of PsychologyOral Interaction in Cooperative Learning Groups: Speaking, Listening, and the Nature of Statements Made by High-, Medium-, and Low-Achieving Students
71 Citations1985David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +2 more
Vocalizing was found to be more strongly related to achievement than was listening to other group members vocalize, and medium and low achievers especially benefited from cooperative learning experiences.
Contemporary Educational PsychologyControversy within a cooperative or competitive context and cognitive perspective-taking
69 Citations1978Dean Tjosvold, David W. Johnson
Journal of Experimental Social PsychologyThe effects of attitude similarity, expectation of goal facilitation, and actual goal facilitation on interpersonal attraction
66 Citations1972David W. Johnson, Stephen Johnson
American Educational Research JournalBuilding Friendships Between Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students: Effects of Cooperative and Individualistic Instruction
63 Citations1981Roger T. Johnson, David W. Johnson
The Journal of Social PsychologyType of Task and Student Achievement and Attitudes in Interpersonal Cooperation, Competition, and Individualization
58 Citations1979Roger T. Johnson, David W. Johnson
The results indicate that cooperation generally produced more positive attitudes than did either individualization or competition and resulted in higher achievement than did competition and individualization on both the problem-solving and retention tasks.
The Journal of Social PsychologyThe Effects of Cooperative and Individualistic Instruction on Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students
56 Citations1982David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
Comparisons were made of the effects of cooperative and individualistic learning experiences on interpersonal attraction between handicapped and nonhandicapped eleventh-grade students and their achievement, and results indicate that cooperative learning experiences, compared with individualistic ones, promote more cross- handicapped interaction during instruction.
Journal of Research in Science TeachingEffects of single‐sex and mixed‐sex cooperative interaction on science achievement and attitudes and cross‐handicap and cross‐sex relationships
56 Citations1985Roger T. Johnson, David W. Johnson +2 more
Journal of Educational PsychologyRelationship between student attitudes about cooperation and competition and attitudes toward schooling.
55 Citations1976David W. Johnson, Andrew Ahlgren
Foreign Language AnnalsBuilding Positive Attitudes by Using Cooperative Learning Groups
54 Citations1980B. Harry Gunderson, David W. Johnson
Contemporary Educational PsychologyStudent achievement on different types of tasks under cooperative, competitive, and individualistic conditions
52 Citations1979David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +1 more
Exceptional ChildrenEffects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning Experiences on Social Development
48 Citations1983Roger T. Johnson
The Journal of Social PsychologyEffects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning Experiences on Cross-Ethnic Interaction and Friendships
47 Citations1982David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
Contemporary Educational PsychologyThe effect of cooperative and individualistic learning experiences on positive and negative cross-handicap relationships
46 Citations1985Stuart O. Yager, Roger T. Johnson +2 more
Contemporary Educational PsychologyThe integration of the handicapped into the regular classroom: Effects of cooperative and individualistic instruction
45 Citations1981David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
The Journal of Social PsychologyCooperative and Individualistic Experiences among Disabled and Normal Children
42 Citations1979Linda Martino, David W. Johnson
Learning-disabled Ss in the cooperative condition learned more swimming skills than did their counterparts in the individual condition, and more friendly interactions in the postinstructional, free-swim periods occurred in the cooperatively structured pairs.
The Journal of PsychologyThe Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Goal Structures on Students' Attitudes and Achievement
41 Citations1979Roger T. Johnson, David W. Johnson +1 more
The Journal of Social PsychologyEffects of Group and Individual Contingencies on Academic Performance and Social Relations of Special Needs Students
40 Citations1982Ann Nevin, David W. Johnson +1 more
The effects of individual and group contingencies were studied on achievement, appropriate classroom behavior, acceptance of handicapped peers, and self-esteem of academically and socially handicapped students.
American Educational Research JournalInteraction Between Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Teenagers as a Function of Situational Goal Structuring: Implications for Mainstreaming
39 Citations1979Roger T. Johnson, John E. Rynders +3 more
Contemporary Educational PsychologyEffects of cooperative vs individualistic learning experiences on interpersonal attraction between learning-disabled and normal-progress elementary school students
38 Citations1981Barbara E. Armstrong, David W. Johnson +1 more
The Journal of Social PsychologyEffects of Cooperative and Competitive Learning Experiences on Interpersonal Attraction Between Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students
37 Citations1982Roger T. Johnson, David W. Johnson
It is indicated that cooperative learning experiences, compared with competitive ones, promote more interpersonal attraction between handicapped and nonhandicapped students.
The Journal of Social PsychologyEffects of Cooperative and Individualistic Instruction on the Achievement of Handicapped, Regular, and Gifted Students
36 Citations1982Karl Smith, David W. Johnson +1 more
The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences promoted higher achievement, greater retention, more positive attitudes among students, and higher self-esteem than did individualistic learning experiences.
Journal of Research in Science TeachingControversy versus concurrence seeking in multi‐grade and single‐grade learning groups
36 Citations1985David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +2 more
The Journal of Social PsychologyEffects of Controversy on Learning in Cooperative Groups
34 Citations1984Karl A. Smith, David W. Johnson +1 more
Contemporary Educational PsychologyAre low achievers disliked in a cooperative situation? A test of rival theories in a mixed ethnic situation
33 Citations1983David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +2 more
Research Quarterly for Exercise and SportThe Effects of Cooperative, Competitive and Individualistic Student Interaction Patterns on the Achievement and Attitudes of Students Learning the Golf Skill of Putting
32 Citations1984Roger T. Johnson, Robert Bjorkland +1 more
The Journal of PsychologyMainstreaming Hearing-Impaired Students: The Effect of Effort in Communicating on Cooperation and Interpersonal Attraction
30 Citations1985David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
Subjects involved in cooperative learning experiences performed higher on measures of interaction and interpersonal attraction between hearing and hearing-impaired students than did subjects involved in individualistic learning experiences.
The Journal of Social PsychologyBuilding Acceptance of Differences between Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students: The Effects of Cooperative and Individualistic Instruction
30 Citations1984David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences promoted higher achievement and greater interpersonal attraction between handicapped and nonhandicapped students, as well as more cross-handicap interaction focused on supporting and regulating efforts to learn and to ensure involvement of all students in the learning tasks.
The Journal of PsychologyMother-Child Interaction and Imaginative Behavior of Preschool Children
27 Citations1978James E. Johnson
PubMedIntegrating severely adaptive handicapped seventh-grade students into constructive relationships with nonhandicapped peers in science class.
25 Citations1983R.T. Johnson, Douglas Johnson +3 more
Results indicated that cooperative learning procedures, compared with individualistic ones, promoted more interaction and interpersonal attraction between severely adaptive handicapped and nonhandicapped students.
The Journal of Social PsychologyThe Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Experiences on Inter Personal Attraction Among Heterogeneous Peers
24 Citations1980Lucille Cooper, David W. Johnson +2 more
The Journal of PsychologyEffect of Partner's Effort and Ability on Liking for Partner After Failure on a Cooperative Task
20 Citations1981Dean Tjosvold, David W. Johnson +1 more
Contemporary Educational PsychologyStructuring academic conflicts between majority and minority students: Hindrance or help to integration
19 Citations1984David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +1 more
The Journal of Social PsychologyThe Effects of Intergroup Cooperation and Intergroup Competition on Ingroup and Outgroup Cross-Handicap Relationships
18 Citations1984David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson
Results indicate that intergroup cooperation promoted more inclusion of handicapped students and more cross-handicap relationships.
Journal of Research in Science TeachingA regression approach to evaluating instructional programs in science
7 Citations1973Cary H. Grobe
The principles expressed in this paper can be applied to other research problems as an effective alternative to the two-way analysis of variance.
The Journal of PsychologyOral Interaction in Cooperative Learning Groups: Speaking, Listening, and the Nature of Statements Made by High-, Medium-, and Low-Achieving Students
6 Citations1985David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson +2 more
Biochemical EducationThe experimental use of cooperative learning groups in a biochemistry laboratory course for first-year medical students
4 Citations1983Robert J. Roon, John F. Van Pilsum +5 more
Perceptual and Motor SkillsStudents' Perceptions of and Preferences for Cooperative and Competitive Learning Experiences
3 Citations1976David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson