PKU as a factor in the development of self-esteem
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TL;DR
It appears that PKU status and lowered IQ together contribute to lowered self-concept and that PK U status alone (i.e. with the effects of IQ removed) has a strong tendency to influence self-esteem.
Abstract
Self-esteem of ten children with phenylketonuria was compared with that of seven unaffected siblings of children with PKU in a total of 11 families. Ages of the nine girls and eight boys ranged from 8 to 15 years. The study examined several variables that might affect self-esteem. From this study, it appears that PKU status and lowered IQ together contribute to lowered self-concept and that PKU status alone (i.e. with the effects of IQ removed) has a strong tendency to influence self-esteem.