In vivo CRF release in rat amygdala is increased during cocaine withdrawal in self-administering rats
SynapsePublished 15 June 1999
R Richter, Friedbert Weiss
Citations207
SJR quartileQ4
SJR score0.57
SNIP0.45
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Evidence is provided that cocaine withdrawal activates CRF neurons in the amygdala, a site that has been implicated in emotional and anxiogenic effects of stress and drug withdrawal syndromes.
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested a role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the aversive and anxiogenic effects of withdrawal from opiates and ethanol. To test whether this role of CRF extends to cocaine withdrawal as well, the release of CRF in rat amygdala was monitored by intracranial microdialysis during a 12-hour session of intravenous cocaine self-administration and subsequent 12-hour cocaine withdrawal period. Cocaine self-administration tended to lower dialysate CRF concentrations to approximately 75% of CRF levels in controls. In contrast, subsequent cocaine withdrawal produced a profound increase in CRF release, which reached peak levels of approximately 400% of baseline between 11 and 12 hours post-cocaine. These results provide evidence that cocaine withdrawal activates CRF neurons in the amygdala, a site that has been implicated in emotional and anxiogenic effects of stress and drug withdrawal syndromes.
Keywords
PsychologyNeuroscience
Elsevier eBooksThe Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
52,250 Citations1982Paxinos, George, Watson, Charles
This paper presents a meta-analyses of the determinants of earthquake-triggered landsliding in the Czech Republic over a period of 18 months in order to establish a probabilistic framework for estimating the intensity of the earthquake.
Annual Review of NeuroscienceThe Role of the Amygdala in Fear and Anxiety
2,247 Citations1992Michael Davis
The idea that the amygdala, and its many efferent projections, may represent a central fear system involved in both the expression and acquisition of conditioned fear is summarized.
ScienceCellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Dependence
2,096 Citations1988George F. Koob, Floyd E. Bloom
The molecular and cellular actions of three classes of abused drugs--opiates, psychostimulants, and ethanol--are reviewed in the context of behavioral studies of drug dependence.
NeuroendocrinologyOrganization of Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Immunoreactive Cells and Fibers in the Rat Brain: An Immunohistochemical Study
1,968 Citations2008L. W. Swanson, Paul E. Sawchenko +2 more
The results suggest that the PVH plays a critical role in the modulation of ACTH and beta-endorphin release from the pituitary, and that CRF-containing pathways in the brain are involved in the mediation of autonomic responses.
Archives of General PsychiatryAbstinence Symptomatology and Psychiatric Diagnosis in Cocaine Abusers
1,160 Citations1986Frank H. Gawin
Longitudinal evaluations showed a three-phase sequence of post-cocaine abuse abstinence symptoms, and over half the sample also met criteria for ed 3 DSM-III, axis I psychiatric disorders.
Current Opinion in NeurobiologyNeurobiology of addiction
1,065 Citations1996Roy A. Wise
Although these drugs have many actions that are distinct, their habit-forming actions appear to have a common denominator, namely, similar effects in the brain mechanisms of reward.
New England Journal of MedicineCocaine and Other Stimulants
972 Citations1988Frank H. Gawin, Everett H. Ellinwood
This review attempts a reasoned psychiatric appraisal of the prototypical abused psyche in the context of cocaine use.
Journal of NeuroscienceIncrease of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis
575 Citations1995EM Pich, MARGE LORANG +5 more
A progressive increase of CRF-IR levels over time was observed, reaching peak values at 10–12 hr after the onset of withdrawal, and this hypothesis was explored in a series of experiments using intracranial microdialysis to monitorCRF-like immunoreactivity in the extracellular compartment of the rat amygdala.
PubMedPostcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal.
508 Citations1991Athina Markou, G F Koob
ScienceActivation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Limbic System During Cannabinoid Withdrawal
500 Citations1997Fernando Rodrı́guez de Fonseca, M. Rocı́o A. Carrera +3 more
It is suggested that long-term cannabinoid administration alters CRF function in the limbic system of the brain, in a manner similar to that observed with other drugs of abuse, and also induces neuroadaptive processes that may result in future vulnerability to drug dependence.
Brain ResearchMicroinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal
412 Citations1993Stefanie Rassnick, Stephen C. Heinrichs +2 more
The results suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala may be an effective site for endogenous CRF systems to mediate anxious behavior associated with ethanol withdrawal.
NeuronDrug Addiction: The Yin and Yang of Hedonic Homeostasis
348 Citations1996George F. Koob
The challenge for future studies in the neurobiology of drug dependence will be to elucidate the neuroadaptive changes, such as changes in signal transduction function and gene expression, produced by chronic drug use in animal models of protracted abstinence and relapse.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyCorticotropin releasing factor‐like immunoreactivity in the rat brain as revealed by a modified cobalt‐glucose oxidase‐diaminobenzidine method
336 Citations1987Masahiro Sakanaka, Tamotsu Shibasaki +1 more
A cobalt‐glucose‐oxidase diaminobenzidine (Co‐GOD) method was applied to determine immunohistochemically a widespread and detailed localization of corticotropin releasing factor‐like immunoreactivity (CRFI) in the rat brain.
Brain ResearchCorticotropin-releasing factor antagonist reduces emotionality in socially defeated rats via direct neurotropic action
330 Citations1992Stephen C. Heinrichs, Emilio Merlo Pich +3 more
It is suggested that limbic system CRF substrates exert an anxiogenic effect on the exploratory behavior of socially defeated rats via a pituitary-adrenal-independent mechanism.
Brain ResearchBasal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration
315 Citations1992Friedbert Weiss, Athina Markou +2 more
The results suggest that suppression of basal DA release in the NAC is an adaptive consequence of sustained cocaine exposure and may in part underlie the post-cocaine anhedonia observed in behavioral models of cocaine withdrawal.
Archives of General PsychiatryChanges in Mood, Craving, and Sleep During Short-term Abstinence Reported by Male Cocaine Addicts
288 Citations1990William W. Weddington
Given the absence of a classic "withdrawal" pattern, "short-term abstinence" may be a more appropriate classification of psychological and physical phenomena experienced by cocaine addicts who initiate abstinence in a controlled environment.
PsychopharmacologyDifferences in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during response-dependent and response-independent cocaine administration in the rat
286 Citations1997Scott E. Hemby, Conchita Co +3 more
NAcc [DA]e was significantly increased when the delivery of cocaine infusions was contingent on the behavior of the rat, indicative of a role in the neural processes underlying cocaine reinforcement.
Brain ResearchCardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned emotional responses
274 Citations1987Jiro Iwata, Koichi Chida +1 more
The timing and pattern of the response elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala in the awake but not the anesthetized rat closely corresponds with that evoked by an acoustic conditioned emotional stimulus.
Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesAmygdaloid CRF Pathways: Role in Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Behavioral Responses to Stress
271 Citations1993Thackery S. Gray
The results of numerous studies have provided compelling evidence that CRF plays an important function in the amygdala, the origin of major CRF-containing pathways in the brain.
Brain ResearchBrain corticotropin-releasing factor mediates ‘anxiety-like’ behavior induced by cocaine withdrawal in rats
257 Citations1995Zóltan Sarnyai, Éva Bíró +4 more
The data suggest that extrahypothalamic-limbic CRF hypersecretion may be involved in the development of anxiety related to cocaine withdrawal and that the CRF system may be a useful target for new pharmacotherapies for cocaine withdrawals and relapse.
Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology[38] Assay of corticotropin releasing factor
249 Citations1983Wylie Vale, Joan Vaughan +6 more
Brain ResearchProjections from the lateral part of the central amygdalar nucleus to the postulated fear conditioning circuit
236 Citations1997Gorica D. Petrovich, Larry W. Swanson
The possible role of the lateral central amygdalar nucleus in circuitry mediating conditioned emotional responses is discussed; changing neuropeptide levels in the lateral part may act as a 'gain control' for reversible long-term modulation (LTM) of medial part output.
Behavioural PharmacologySuppression of corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdala attenuates aversive consequences of morphine withdrawal
228 Citations1995Stephen C. Heinrichs, Frédérique Menzaghi +3 more
Results indicate that suppression of intra-amygdala CRF systems weakens the aversive stimulus properties of conditioned opiate withdrawal, and suggest a general role for CRF in coordinating behavioral responses to negative motivational effects of drug withdrawal.
Brain ResearchAttenuation of stress-induced behavior by antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central amygdala in the rat
199 Citations1993Artur H. Świergiel, Lorey K. Takahashi +1 more
Data suggest that antagonizing the action of endogenous CRF in the CA region contributes to a general alleviation of stress-induced freezing.
Journal of NeuroscienceLesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, block the excitatory effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on the acoustic startle reflex
159 Citations1992Keng‐Chen Liang, KR Melia +4 more
The present data indicate that the amygdala is part of the neural circuitry required for icv CRF to elevate startle, but does not appear to be the primary receptor area where CRF acts.
Seminars in NeuroscienceCorticotropin releasing factor, stress and behavior
142 Citations1994George F. Koob, Stephen C. Heinrichs +3 more
The results suggest that endogenous CRF systems in the brain may have a role in mediating behavioral responses to stressors, and may be particularly important in situations where an organism must mobilize not only the pituitary adrenal system, but also the central nervous system in response to environmental challenge.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsCorticotropin-releasing factor and type 1 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor messenger RNAs in rat brain and pituitary during "binge"-pattern cocaine administration and chronic withdrawal.
137 Citations1996Yan Zhou, Rudolph Spangler +4 more
The results suggest that the attenuated response in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic binge cocaine administration is coupled to the cocaine-induced decreases in CRF gene expression in the leptin-releasing factor region and that activation of CRFGene expression in extrahypothalamic regions may have implications for a molecular understanding of the behavioral responses to cocaine.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyMorphology of peptide‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala
136 Citations1989Martin D. Cassell, Thackery S. Gray
The morphological characteristics of peptide‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala were examined andGalanin immunoreactivity in the medial subdivision was associated with moderately spiny, pyramiform neurons and a larger, aspinous, polygonal neuron.
Seminars in NeuroscienceOpponent process and drug dependence: Neurobiological mechanisms
92 Citations1993George F. Koob, Athina Markou +2 more
The present article reemphasizes opponent process theory as a model for the motivational effets of drug dependence and explores the neurobiology of the adaptations of brain motivational systems postulated to underlie some aspects ofdrug dependence.
Neuroscience LettersSensitization of cocaine-stimulated increase in extracellular levels of corticotropin-releasing factor from the rat amygdala after repeated administration as determined by intracranial microdialysis
76 Citations1995R Richter, Emilio Merlo Pich +2 more
It is demonstrated that repeated administration of cocaine enhances cocaine-induced release of CRF in the rat CeA and may play a significant role in psychostimulant-induced sensitization phenomena.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorBrain neurotransmitter turnover correlated with morphine-seeking behavior of rats
68 Citations1982James E. Smith, Conchita Co +2 more
The neurotransmitter turnover rate changes resulting from contingent administration suggest that the drug administration environment is an important factor that should be considered in studies of interactions between drugs and neuronal systems.
NeuroscienceCorticotropin-releasing factor release from the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rat as measured by microdialysis
56 Citations1993Emilio Merlo Pich, George F. Koob +4 more
Addition of a specific antiserum against corticotropin-releasing factor to the perfusion medium (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) increased the relative in vitro recovery over a range of different flow rates (1-10 microliters/min) using commercially available microdialysis probes with a membrane cutoff of 20,000 mol.
Brain ResearchAlterations of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in different brain regions after acute cocaine administration in rats
56 Citations1993Zóltan Sarnyai, Éva Bíró +4 more
The results suggest that acute cocaine administration alters brain CRF systems to contribute behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to cocaine.
JAMADrug Abuse: Clinical and Basic Aspects
56 Citations1978Donald W. Goodwin
This is not a book to be read from beginning to end, but it is a reference book and a good one, perhaps the best yet on this much abused subject.
SynapseRegional binding to corticotropin releasing factor receptors in brain of rats exposed to chronic cocaine and cocaine withdrawal
45 Citations1997Emilio Ambrosio, Lawrence G. Sharpe +1 more
There was a 31% lower level of CRF binding sites in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala immediately after the last cocaine infusion, but not 10 days later, and neuroendocrine and non‐neuroendocrine mechanisms associated with CRF1 receptors do not appear to contribute to long‐term withdrawal effects.
NeuropeptidesTime-dependent alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in different brain regions after acute cocaine administration to rats
24 Citations1997János Gardi, Éva Bíró +4 more
The results suggest that the durations of the effects of cocaine on CRF-LI are in the brain region-specific, which might contribute to the mediation of the diverse behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of Cocaine.