Physical dependence following zopiclone usage: A case report
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and ExperimentalPublished 1 March 1992
Jogin H. Thakore, Timothy G. Dinan
Citations24
SJR quartileQ3
SJR score0.51
SNIP0.59
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
It is suggested that the adverse effects of zopiclone relate to its mechanism of action, like other hypnotics it binds to the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐benzodiazepine‐chloride ionophore receptor complex, which may explain the means by which it can cause dependence.
Abstract
Abstract A single case report is presented in which zopiclone was used in a patient as a hypnotic. The patient developed physical dependence. It is suggested that the adverse effects of zopiclone relate to its mechanism of action. Like other hypnotics it binds to the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐benzodiazepine‐chloride ionophore receptor complex. This may explain the means by which zopiclone can cause dependence.
Keywords
Medicine
BMJAlcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndrome.
1,163 Citations1976Griffith Edwards, Milton M. Gross
The aim here is to help further to delineate the clinical picture of the alcohol depen dence syndrome, and takes the term syndrome to mean no more than the concurrence of phenomena.
New England Journal of MedicineWithdrawal Reaction after Long-Term Therapeutic Use of Benzodiazepines
369 Citations1986Usoa Busto, Edward M. Sellers +4 more
It is concluded that a clinically important, mild, but distinct withdrawal syndrome occurs after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines.
NatureChronic benzodiazepine treatment decreases postsynaptic GABA sensitivity
281 Citations1984Dorothy W. Gallager, Joan M. Lakoski +2 more
Electrophysiological evidence for decreased postsynaptic sensitivity to GABA following chronic benzodiazepine administration is presented as measured by the direct iontophoretic application of GABA and serotonin onto serotonergic cells in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), known to receive GABAergic input.
Journal of Substance Abuse TreatmentConditioning factors in opiate addiction and relapse
279 Citations1984Abraham Wikler
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsChronic benzodiazepine administration. I. Tolerance is associated with benzodiazepine receptor downregulation and decreased gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor function.
219 Citations1988Lawrence G. Miller, D J Greenblatt +2 more
Downregulation of benzodiazepine receptor binding and of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor function is closely associated with behavioral tolerance to Benzodiazepines.
British Journal of AddictionConditioned learning in alcohol dependence: implications for cue exposure treatment
208 Citations1990Colin Drummond, Troy Cooper +1 more
It is concluded that no study has so far demonstrated a link between conditioned responses to alcohol-related cues and relapse, an assumption on which cue exposure treatment is based, and the evidence for the effectiveness of cue exposure as a treatment is lacking.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsChronic ethanol administration alters gamma-aminobutyric acid, pentobarbital and ethanol-mediated 36Cl- uptake in cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes.
189 Citations1988A. Leslie Morrow, Peter D. Suzdak +2 more
Data suggest that subsensitivity of the GABA receptor-coupled chloride ion channel after chronic ethanol administration may contribute to ethanol tolerance and the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.
American Journal of PsychiatryCritical review of liability for benzodiazepine abuse among alcoholics
164 Citations1988Domenic A. Ciraulo, Brian F. SANDS +1 more
Data suggest that the prevalence of benzodiazepine use among alcoholics is greater than in the general population but comparable to the prevalence in psychiatric patients, and the liability for abuse may also be greater for alcoholics.
Life Sciencesand inhibition by zopiclone of benzodiazepine binding to rodent brain receptors
117 Citations1979J.C. Blanchard, Alain Boireau +2 more
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that zopiclone is able to inhibit the binding of diazepam and flunitrazepam to brain receptors, and these results confirm the pharmacological similarities existing between zopicLone and the benzodiazepines.
American Journal of PsychiatryInsights into the structure and function of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors: ion channels and psychiatry
111 Citations1991C. F. Zorumski, K E Isenberg
The authors' goal is to describe the actions of GABA as a neurotransmitter and discuss the modulation of receptor function by different drugs in terms of differences in the structure and function of specific receptors and their associated ion channels.
European Journal of PharmacologyDifferences in pharmacological profiles of a new generation of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics
93 Citations1990Ghislaine Perrault, Eliane Morel +2 more
The results suggest that the hypnoselective properties observed with zolpidem might be related to a high selectivity for the omega 1 recognition site of the GABAA receptor coupled with a very high intrinsic activity.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorPharmacological and clinical studies of cyclopyrrolones: Zopiclone and suriclone
79 Citations1985L Julou, J.C. Blanchard +1 more
Using tritiated zopiclone and suriclone, it has been shown that they could act on sites distinct from those of BZ or could induce receptor conformational changes different from those induced by BZ.
Molecular PharmacologyAnxiolytic cyclopyrrolones zopiclone and suriclone bind to a novel site linked allosterically to benzodiazepine receptors.
76 Citations1984R. R. Trifiletti, S H Snyder
Results indicate that [3H]suriclone labels a site on the benzodiazepine receptor complex allosteric to the recognition site for Benzodiazepines, which is not modulated by GABA, Cl-, pentobartibal, or tracazolate.
Brain Research BulletinBidirectional effects of chronic treatment with agonists and inverse agonists at the benzodiazepine receptor
71 Citations1987H.J. Little, David Nutt +1 more
Repeated administration of benzodiazepine agonists, sufficient to cause tolerance to their pharmacological actions and to those of beta-carboline agonist, increased all of the effects of the partial inverse agonist and some of the actions of the full inverse agonists.
Trends in Pharmacological SciencesBenzodiazepine dependence in the clinic: reason for anxiety?
71 Citations1986David Nutt
Do these drugs really cause dependence or is this just a ‘media event'?
PharmacologyPharmacological Studies on Zopiclone
62 Citations2008L Julou, M. Bardone +3 more
Electrophysiological studies performed in cats have shown that zopiclone induces modifications in sleep-wakefulness pattern which are close to those observed with BZD, specially with nitrazepam, and increases the threshold for arousal by reticular formation stimulation, rather more than nitrazepsam, but with a shorter duration of action.
Journal of NeurochemistrySuriclone: A New Cyclopyrrolone Derivative Recognizing Receptors Labeled by Benzodiazepines in Rat Hippocampus and Cerebellum
58 Citations1983Jean‐Charles Blanchard, L Julou
It is shown that suriclone possesses a high affinity for flunitrazepam binding sites and that tritiated suricLone binds specifically with high affinity in rat hippocampus and rat cerebellum, indicating that surIClone could be a new probe for investigating the so‐called BZD receptors.
PharmacologyEvaluation of Zopiclone Physical Dependence Liability in Normal Volunteers
41 Citations2008Paul Dorian, Edward M. Sellers +2 more
Discontinuation of zopiclone (7.5 mg for 21 days) is associated with detectable increase in state anxiety and lighter sleep on days 2 and 4 of withdrawal, and similar changes occur with other hypnotic drugs of relatively low dependence liability.
NeuropharmacologyChronic benzodiazepine treatment increases the effects of the inverse agonist FG7142
39 Citations1988H.J. Little
A schedule of treatment with the benzodiazepine, flurazepam, in mice for 7 days caused a significant enhancement of the convulsive effects of the partial inverse agonist FG7142, although this compound does not cause convulsions in normal mice of the strain used.
PharmacologyA Double-Blind Study to Establish the Residual Effects of Zopiclone on Performance in Healthy Volunteers
35 Citations2008Malcolm Lader, S.C. Denney
Zopiclone is shown to have useful hypnotic properties but residual effects are detectable using EEG and psychological tests both 10 and 13 h after ingestion, and it is recommended that further studies with repeated doses in healthy volunteer subjects and in insomniac patients use the 7.5-mg dose as the reference point.
PharmacopsychiatrySubjective Effects During Administration and on Discontinuation of Zopiclone and Temazepam in Normal Subjects
30 Citations1987M. Lader, Gertrude Frcka
Rebound effects are minimal with zopiclone and reducing the dosage gradually does not seem necessary and withdrawal effects on bodily symptom ratings were inconsistent and not affected by tapering off the dose.
Molecular PharmacologyAnxiolytic cyclopyrrolone drugs allosterically modulate the binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate to the benzodiazepine/gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor/chloride anionophore complex.
29 Citations1984R. R. Trifiletti, A M Snowman +1 more
Results suggest that suriclone influences [35S]TBPS binding allosterically, at sites distinct from the TBPS/picrotoxinin recognition site, in rat brain.
Neurotransmitters, drugs and disease
23 Citations1989R.A. Webster, Christopher Jordan
PsychopharmacologyChanges in benzodiazepine/GABA receptor complex function in benzodiazepine-tolerant mice
13 Citations1988D.J. Nutt, Stuart C. Taylor +3 more
The results may suggest that the chronic benzodiazepine treatment decreased some aspects of GABA receptor function at 48 h after the last dose; however, such an effect probably does not explain the previously reported increases in the effects of inverse agonists following chronic agonist treatment.
PharmacologyComparison of Nitrazepam and Zopiclone in Psychiatric Patients
11 Citations2008Charles B. Pull, Jean‐François Dreyfus +1 more
The results indicate that zopiclone is an active hypnotic compound, comparable in its effects to those of nitrazepam, the higher dosage being best adapted to the type of patients included in the study.