The Grammar of Graphics
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational StatisticsPublished 21 December 2011
Leland Wilkinson
Citations557
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.45
SNIP3.11
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
AbstractThe grammar of graphics (GoG) denotes a system with seven classes embedded in a data flow. This data flow specifies a strict order in which data are transformed from a raw dataset to a statistical graphic. Each class contains multiple methods, each of which is a function executed at the step in the data flow corresponding to that class. The classes are orthogonal, in the sense that the product set of all classes (every possible sequence of class methods) defines a space of graphics which is meaningful at every point. The meaning of a statistical graphic is thus determined by the mapping produced by the function chain linking data and graphic. WIREs Comp Stat 2010 2 673–677 DOI: 10.1002/wics.118This article is categorized under: Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
Keywords
Computer Science
Springer series in statisticsThe Elements of Statistical Learning
24,344 Citations2001Trevor Hastie, J. Friedman +1 more
ggplot2
14,973 Citations2009Hadley Wickham
ScienceOn the Theory of Scales of Measurement
4,682 Citations1946S. S. Stevens
The current issues will remain at 32 pages until a more adequate supply of paper is assured, due to a shortage of paper for Bacto-Agar research.
ACM Transactions on GraphicsAutomating the design of graphical presentations of relational information
1,620 Citations1986Jock D. Mackinlay
The goal of the research described in this paper is to develop an application-independent presentation tool that automatically designs effective graphical presentations (such as bar charts, scatter plots, and connected graphs) of relational information.
The Visual ComputerThe plane with parallel coordinates
1,411 Citations1985Alfred Inselberg
A new duality betweenbounded and unbounded convex sets and hstars (a generalization of hyperbolas) and between Convex Unions and Intersections is found and motivates some efficient ConveXity algorithms and other results inComputational Geometry.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics)Symbolic Description of Factorial Models for Analysis of Variance
940 Citations1973G. N. Wilkinson, C. E. Rogers
The paper describes the symbolic notation and syntax for specifying factorial models for analysis of variance in the control language of the genstat statistical program system at Rothamsted and a further extension of the syntax is discussed for specifying models generally.
Springer series in statisticsFunctional Data Analysis
915 Citations1997J. O. Ramsay, Bernard W. Silverman
Functional data analysis models data using functions or functional parameters using methods used for approximating these with as much flexibility as the data require.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationExploratory Projection Pursuit
789 Citations1987Jerome H. Friedman
A new projection pursuit algorithm for exploring multivariate data is presented that has both statistical and computational advantages over previous methods and the emphasis here is on the discovery of nonlinear effects such as clustering or other general nonlinear associations among the variables.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationHyperdimensional Data Analysis Using Parallel Coordinates
661 Citations1990Edward J. Wegman
The basic algorithm for parallel coordinates is laid out and a discussion of its properties as a projective transformation is given, and several duality results are discussed along with their interpretations as data analysis tools.
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer GraphicsPolaris: a system for query, analysis, and visualization of multidimensional relational databases
634 Citations2002Christian Stolte, Danhang Tang +1 more
Modeling multidimensional databases
453 Citations2002R. K. Agrawal, Ankit Gupta +1 more
A data model and a few algebraic operations that provide semantic foundation to multidimensional databases and provide an algebraic application programming interface (API) that allows the separation of the front end from the back end are proposed.
Lecture notes in computer scienceDiscovery-driven exploration of OLAP data cubes
336 Citations1998Sunita Sarawagi, Rakesh Agrawal +1 more
A method for locating data anomalies in a k dimensional data cube that includes the steps of associating a surprise value with each cell of a data cube, and indicating a data anomaly when the surprise value associated with a cell exceeds a predetermined exception threshold.
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer GraphicsProtovis: A Graphical Toolkit for Visualization
329 Citations2009M. G. Bostock, Jeffrey Heer
Protovis, an extensible toolkit for constructing visualizations by composing simple graphical primitives, is contributed, which achieves a level of expressiveness comparable to low-level graphics systems, while improving efficiency and accessibility.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical SciencesThe analysis of randomized experiments with orthogonal block structure. I. Block structure and the null analysis of variance
308 Citations1965J. A. Nelder
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationAn Information-Processing Analysis of Graph Perception
300 Citations1987D. J. Simkin, Reid Hastie
This work began its investigations by gathering evidence that people have generic expectations about what types of information will be the major messages in various types of graphs, and suggested how graph type and judgment type would interact to determine the speed and accuracy of quantitative information extraction.
Journal of Computational and Graphical StatisticsThe Visual Design and Control of Trellis Display
288 Citations1996Richard A. Becker, William S. Cleveland +1 more
Trellis display provides a powerful mechanism for understanding interactions in studies of how a response depends on explanatory variables, and makes important discoveries not appreciated in the original analyses.
Worlds within worlds: metaphors for exploring n-dimensional virtual worlds
217 Citations1990Steven Feiner, Clifford Beshers
This work describes an example n-Vision application in “financial visualization,” where the functions are models of financial instruments, and introduces a new interaction metaphor developed for the system, which is called “worlds within worlds”: nested heterogeneous coordinate systems that allow the user to view and manipulate functions.
A consideration on normal form of not-necessarily-normalized relation in the relational data model
200 Citations1977Akifumi Makinouchi
Mosaics for Contingency Tables
188 Citations1981J. A. Hartigan, Beat Kleiner
A contingency table specifies the joint distribution of a number of discrete variables, with shape and position chosen to expose deviations from independence models.
OLAP and statistical databases
171 Citations1997Arie Shoshani
It is argued for the support of a Statistical Object data type as one of the fundamental structures that object-oriented data models and systems should support.
The American StatisticianNominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Typologies Are Misleading
153 Citations1993Paul F. Velleman, Leland Wilkinson
Communications of the ACMStatistical inference and data mining
129 Citations1996Clark Glymour, David Madigan +2 more
Data mining almost always involves a search architecture requiring evaluation of hypotheses at the stages of the search, evaluation of thesearch output, and appropriate use of the results.
Lecture notes in computer scienceNested Relations and Complex Objects in Databases
108 Citations1989S. Abiteboul, Patrick C. Fischer
The advanced information management prototype Verso, a database machine based on nested relations, and an approach to manage large inheritance networks within a DBS supporting nested relations are presented.
IEEE Computer Graphics and ApplicationsVisualizing multivariate functions, data, and distributions
58 Citations1991T. Mihalisin, John Timlin +1 more
It is demonstrated that these techniques for plotting scalar fields on an N-dimensional lattice work for such data visualization tasks as the location of maxima, minima, saddle points, and other features, as well as for visually fitting multivariate data and the visual determination of dominant and weak or irrelevant variables.
IEEE Computer Graphics and ApplicationsConstructing isosurfaces from CT data
46 Citations1991Å. Wallin
An algorithm that automatically produces polygonal representations of 3-D structures within a volume from a set of cross-sectional images is presented, and can be used to describe and visualize normal as well as pathological anatomy.
Tables as a paradigm for querying and restructuring (extended abstract)
38 Citations1996Marc Gyssens, Laks V. S. Lakshmanan +1 more
The tabular database model is proposed for handling a broad class of natural data representations and tabular algebra is developed as a language for querying and restructuring tabular data.
Statistische HefteFinite sample selection criteria for multinomial models
13 Citations1986Heinz Linhart, Walter Zucchini
Journal of Computational and Graphical StatisticsThe Language of Graphics
11 Citations2000Leland Wilkinson, Daniel J. Rope +2 more
A system, called the Graphics Production Library (GPL), that implements a language for quantitative graphics that uses the mathematical definition of the graph of a function and uses that definition to organize data linked to the graph.
The bureau of labor statistic's Table Producing Language (TPL)
1 Citations1974Rudolph C. Mendelssohn
The Table Producing Language (TPL) has been designed and implemented as a general tool for producing statistical tables and allows the specification of complex data reduction, cross tabulation, and table generation operations.